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TGF-beta superfamily members are well known for their important roles in a wide range of developmental processes including tissue differentiation, morphogenesis, proliferation, and migration. This large group of structurally related proteins has overlapping receptor usage and is tightly regulated through activation and by binding proteins that modulate signaling. Most ligands exist as homo- or heterodimers and signal through heteromeric receptor serine/threonine kinases to activate Smad signaling cascades.
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