Posters

Autoimmunity Poster References

Date 1/1/2006

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Macrophages

  • Blom, A.B. et al. (2003) Arthritis Rheum. 48:1002.
    Mature macrophages from RA patients showed significantly enhanced expression of Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII compared with controls.
  • Farrel, A.J. et al. (1992) Ann. Rheum. Dis. 51:1219.
    Synovial macrophages synthesize NO.
  • Feldmann, M. et al. (1996) Annu. Rev. Immunol.14:397.
    RA macrophages express CCL5, CCL3, CXCL8, and CCL2.
  • Kinne, R.W. et al. (2000) Arthritis Res. 2:189.
    Active macrophages found at the pannus cartilage junction, and express MHC II and many cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, CXCL8, MIP-1, MCP-1, and multiple MMPs.
  • Gracie, J.A. et al. (1999) J. Clin. Invest. 104:1393.
    IL-18 found in macrophages of the synovial membrane.
  • McInnes I.B. et al. (1996) Nat, Med. 2:175-82.
    RA macrophages express IL-15.
  • Muller-Ladner, U. & S. Gay (2005) Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61:957.
    Rheumatoid synovial macrophages express MMP-9 and MMP-16.
  • Mulherin, D. et al. (1996) Arthritis Rheum. 39:115-24.
    Macrophages found numerous in the inflamed synovial membrane and at the junction of articular cartilage and pannus.
  • Tetlow, L.C. et al. (1993) Rheumatol. Int. 13:53.
    Differential expression of gelatinase B (MMP-9) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) by rheumatoid synovial cells in vitro and in vivo.

Neutrophils

  • Cross, A. et al. (2003) Arthritis Rheum. 48:2796.
    Synovial fluid neutrophils express MHC II in RA.
  • Edwards, S.W. & M.B. Hallet (1997) Immunol. Today 18:320.
    Neutrophils found in high abundance in RA synovial fluid.
  • Lopez, S. et al. (1995) Clin. Exp. Immunol. 101:25.
    Neutrophil expression of tumour necrosis factor receptors (TNF-R) and of activation markers (CD11 beta, CD43, CD63) in rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Pillinger, M.H. & S.B. Abramson (1995) Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 21:691.
    Neutrophils are present in RA synovial fluid and express complement receptors (CR1, CR2, CR3), IL-1, Fc gamma R1, and MMP-12.
  • Patterson, A.M. et al. (2002) Arthritis Res. 4 :209.
    Neutrophils are present in RA synovium.
  • Wong, S.H. & Lord, J.M. (2004) Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 52:379.
    Neutrophils in RA synovial fluid produce TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta.

Osteoclasts

  • Firestein, G.S. & N.J. Zvaifler (2002) Arthritis Rheum. 46:298.
    Osteoclasts may be found at the edge of the pannus near bone erosions.
  • Gravallese, E.M. et al. (2000) Arthritis Rheum. 43:250.
    RA osteoclast precursors express RANK.
  • Pap, T. et al. (2000) Arthritis Rheum. 43:1226.
    MMP-14 is expressed by RA-associated osteoclasts.

Plasma Cells

  • Masson-Bessiere C. et al. (2000) Clin. Exp. Immunol. 119:544.
    Plasma cells in the pannus are a source of RA synovial fluid antibody.

Synovial Fibroblasts

  • Bucala, R. et al. (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173:569.
    RA synovial fibroblasts express TGF-beta 1, GM-CSF, IL-1 beta, & IL-6.
  • Close, D.R. (2005) Ann. Rheum. Dis. 60:iii62.
    RA synovial fibroblasts express MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13.
  • Dayer, J.M. et al. (1985) J. Exp. Med. 162:2163
    Synovial RA fibroblasts express PGE 2.
  • Garcia-Vicuna, R. et al. (2004) Arthritis Rheum. 50:3866.
    RA synovial fibroblasts constitutively express CCR2, CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR4.
  • Miranda-Carus, ME. et al. (2004) Arthritis Rheum. 50:2786.
    Synovial fluid RA fibroblasts express Trail R2.
  • Muller-Ladner, U. & S. Gay (2005) Ann. Rheum. Dis. 61:957.
    RA synovial fibroblasts express MMP-13.
  • Nakahara, H. et al. (2003) Arthritis Rheum. 48:1521.
    RA synovial fibroblasts express VEGF.
  • Ospelt, C. et al. (2004) Front. Biosci. 9:2323.
    RA synovial fibroblasts express MIF, VEGF, FGF-2, IL-15, IL-16, and IL-7.
  • Sawai, H. et al. (2005) Arthritis Rheum. 52:1392.
    RA synovial fibroblasts express CX3CL1.
  • Seitz, M. et al. (1994) Br. J. Rheumatol. 33:613.
    RA synovial fibroblasts express TGF-beta 1 and GM-CSF.
  • Tetlow, L.C. et al. (1993) Rheumatol. Int. 13:53.
    Differential expression of gelatinase B (MMP-9) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) by rheumatoid synovial cells in vitro and in vivo.
  • Tsubaki T et al. (2005) Clin Exp Immunol. 141:363.
    CXCL9 is produced by RA synovial fibroblasts.
  • Ueno. A. et al. (2004) Rheumatol. Int. 25:361.
    CXCL9 and CXCL10 are produced by RA synovial fibroblasts.

T cells

  • Buckley, C.D. et al. (2000) J. Immunol. 165:3423.
    RA synovial T cells express CXCR4.
  • Chabaud, M. et al. (1999) Arthritis Rheum. 42:963.
    RA T cells express IL-17.
  • Firestein, G.S. et al. (1990) Arthritis Rheum. 33:768.
    RA T cells express TNF-alpha and IL-1.
  • Gravallese, E.M. et al. (2000) Arthritis Rheum. 43:250.
    RA synovial T cells express RANK L.
  • Kotake, S. et al. (2001) Arhtritis Rheum. 44:1003.
    Activated T Cells stimulate osteoclast differentiation via the RANK/RANK Ligand system in RA.
  • Nissinen, R. et al. (2003) J. Rheumatol. 30:1928.
    Expression of CCR5 and CCR3 is increased in RA synovial CD8-, CD8+ T cells, and CD14+ monocytes.
  • van Roon, J.A. et al. (2003) Ann. Rheum. Dis. 62:113.
    Synovial fluid T cells secrete TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma.

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)

Autoantigens

  • Baekkeskov, S. et al. (1990) Nature 347:151.
    Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD-65) is a putative T1D autoantigen.
  • Kent, S.C. et al. (2005) Nature 435:224.
    Insulin is a putative T1D autoantigen.
  • Lan, M.S. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:6367.
    IA-2 is a major autoantigen in T1D.

B Cells & Antibodies

  • Lieberman, S.M. & T.P. DiLorenzo (2003) Tissue Antigens 62:359.
    Circulating autoantibodies to multiple islet antigens have been identified and are potential markers for T1D susceptibility.
  • Scherbaum, W.A. et al. (2001) N. Engl. J. Med. 345:1036.
    Provides evidence that autoantibodies play a minimal, or no, role in T1D pathology.

beta Cells

  • Darville, M.I. & D.L. Eizirik (1998) Diabetologia. 41:1101.
    beta cells produce NO in response to inflammatory cytokines.
  • Botazzo, G.F. et al. (1985) N. Engl. J. Med. 313:353.
  • Itoh, N. et al. (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 92:2313.
  • Somoza, N. et al. (1994) J. Immunol. 153:1360.
    beta cells in early onset T1D express MHC I.
  • Moriwaki, M. et al. (1999) Diabetologia 42:1332.
    Fas expressed by beta cells in early onset T1D.
  • Fajans, S.S. et al. (2001) N. Eng. J. Med. 345:971.
    Model for glucose-stimulated insulin production adapted from above reference.

Endothelial Cells

  • Itoh, N. et al. (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 92:2313.
    ICAM-1 expression is increased on endothelial cells in recent onset T1D.
  • Pociot, F. & T. Mandrup-Paulson (1997) Front. Hormone Res. 22:1.
    Putative role for NO in T1D released by endothelial cells.

General

  • Mathis D et al. (2001) Nature 414:792.
    Once T1D is diagnosed, most of the beta cell destruction has already taken place.

Macrophages

  • Arnush, M. et al. (1998) J. Clin. Invest. 102:516.
    Macrophage secrete IL-1 beta and stimulate iNOS production by beta cells.
  • Itoh, N. et al. (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 92:2313.
    Lernmark, A. et al. (1995) Virchows Arch. 425:631.
    Macrophages found in the islets of early onset T1D patients.
  • Mandroup-Poulson, T. et al. (2003) Biochem. Pharmacol. 66:1433.
    A model is presented highlighting macrophage antigen presentation, and TNF-alpha and IL-1 secretion.
  • Pociot, F. & T. Mandrup-Paulson (1997) Front. Hormone Res. 22:1.
    Putative role for NO in T1D released by macrophages.

T cells

  • Foulis, A.K. et al. (1991) J. Pathol. 165:97.
    Lymphocytes in the islets during recent onset T1D express IFN-gamma.
  • Bottazzo, G.F. et al. (1985) N. Engl. J. Med. 313:353.
    Itoh, N. et al. (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 92:2313.
    CD8+ and CD4+ T cells present in infiltrate of T1D patients.
  • Moriwaki, M. et al. (1999) Diabetologia 42:1332.
    CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and Macrophages express Fas Ligand in T1D.
  • Somoza, N. et al. (1994) J. Immunol. 153 :1360.
    Perforin expressed in recent onset T1D.
  • Yamagata, K. et al. (1996) Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 34 :37.
    Recent onset T1D T cells in the islet express IFN-gamma and specific TCR alpha chain clonotypes.
    Islets in general
  • Cardozo, A.K. et al. (2003) Diabetologia 46:255.
    Cytokine-stimulated human islets express IL-15, CXCL10, CXCL9, CXCL11, and CCL20.
  • Johansson, U. et al. (2003) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 308:474.
    T1D islets express CCL2, MIF, and VEGF.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Astrocytes

  • Balashov, K.E. et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:6873.
    CXCL10 and CXCR3 are expressed by MS astrocytes
  • Berman, J. et al. (1998) J. Neuroimmunol. 86 :20.
    CCL2, CCL8 and CCL7 are expressed by hypertrophic MS astrocytes.
  • Cannella, B. et al. (1995) Ann Neurol. 37:424.
    MS lesion astrocytes express IL-10.
  • De Groot, C.J. et al. (1999) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 58:174.
    TGF-beta R is expressed by MS astrocytes.
  • Maeda, A. & R.A. Sobel (1996) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55:300.
    MMP-9, MMP-2, and MMP-3 are expressed by MS astrocytes.
  • Simpson, J.E. et al. (2000) Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 26:133.
    CXCL10 and CXCL9 expressed by MS astrocytes.
  • Simpson, J.E. et al. (1998) J. Neuroimmunol. 84:238.
    CCL5 found in astrocytes of actively demyelinating MS plaques.
  • Simpson, J. et al. (2000) J. Neuroimmunol. 108:192.
    CCR3 and CCR5 expressed by MS astrocytes.

Blood Vessels

  • Balashov, K.E. et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:6873.
    CCL2 is upregulated in MS blood vessels.
  • Bo, L. et al. (1996) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55:1060.
    ICAM-1 is upregulated in MS Blood vessels.
  • Cannella, B et al. (1995) Ann Neurol. 37:424.
    MS lesion blood vessels express TGF-beta.
  • Cossins, J.A. et al. (1997) Acta Neuropathol. 94:590.
    Blood vessels in active demyelinating MS lesions express MMP-9 and MMP-7.
  • Dore-Duffy, P. et al. (1993) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 331:243.
    ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expressed by MS microvessels.
  • Simpson, J.E. et al. (1998) J. Neuroimmunol. 84:238.
    CCL5 found in blood vessels of actively demyelinating MS plaques.

Macrophages

  • Balashov, K.E. et al (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:6873.
    MS microglia and macrophages express CCL3.
  • Cannella, B. et al. (1995) Ann. Neurol. 37:424.
    MS lesion macrophages express TNF-alpha.
  • Cossins, J.A. et al. (1997) Acta Neuropathol 94:590.
    MMP-7 immunoreactivity is found in parenchymal macrophages in MS lesions.
  • Hulshof, S. et al. (2002) Glia 38:24.
    MS macrophages express IL-10 R.
  • Maeda, A. & R.A. Sobel (1996) J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55:300.
    MMP-l, -2-, -3-, and -9 are expressed by MS macrophages.
  • Simpson, J.E. et al. (1998) J. Neuroimmunol. 84 :238.
    MS macrophages express CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4.
  • Simpson, J. et al. (2000) J. Neuroimmunol. 108:192.
    MS microglia and macrophages express CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5.
  • Simpson, J.E. et al. (2000) Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 26:133.
    CXCL10 and CXCL9 expressed by MS macrophages.
  • Trebst, C. et al. (2001) Am. J. Pathol. 159:1701.
    CCR1+/CCR5+ mononuclear phagocytes accumulate in MS CNS.
  • Ulvestad, E. et al. (1994) J. Neurol. Sci. 121:125.
    Fc receptors are present on MS macrophages.
  • Vos, C.M. et al. (2003) J. Neuroimmunol. 138:106.
    Phagocytic MS macrophages are MMP-12 positive.

Microglia

  • Balashov, K.E. et al (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:6873.
    MS microglia and macrophages express CCL3.
  • Benveniste, E.N. (1996) J. Mol. Med. 75:165.
    MS microglia express IL-1, TNF, IL-6, IL-3, and CCL3.
  • Cannella, B. et al. (1995) Ann. Neurol. 37:424.
    Microglia and astrocytes express ICAM-1 VLA-4 TNF-alpha, and IL-4.
  • Cannella, B & Rain, C.S. (2004) Ann. Neurol 55:46.
    Microglia express IL-12, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-18.
  • D'Souza, S.D. et al. (1996) J. Exp. Med. 184:2361.
    MS microglia express Fas Ligand.
  • Gerritse, K. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.93:2499.
    MS microglia express CD40.
  • Giometto, B. et al. (1995) Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54:175.
    Williams, K. et al. (1994) Eur. J. Immunol. 24:3031.
    MS microglia express B7 molecules.
  • Jack, C. et al. (2005) J. Neurosci. Res. 81 :363
    CNS microglia express MHC II and may act as antigen-presenting cells.
  • Muller, D.M. et al. (2004) Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy 3 :279.
    Review highlighting Chemokines and receptors in MS.
  • Nelson, P.T. et al. (2002) Ann. Med. 34 :491.
    Microglia present in active MS plaques.
  • Simpson, J.E. et al. (1998) J. Neuroimmunol. 84 :238.
    MS microglia and macrophages express CCL4.
  • Simpson, J. et al. (2000) J. Neuroimmunol. 108:192.
    MS microglia and macrophages express CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5.
  • Werner, P. et al. (2001) Ann. Neurol. 50 :169.
    MS microglia and macrophages associated with abnormal glutamate homeostasis.

Oligodendrocytes

  • D'Souza, S.D. et al. (1996) J. Exp. Med. 184:2361.
    MS oligodendrocytes express Fas.
  • Storch, M.K. et al. (1998) Ann. Neurol. 43:465.
    Shows evidence for antibody deposition and myelin destruction by complement.
  • Sospedra, M. et al. (2005) Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23:683.
    Review highlighting the specificity of autoreactive T cells and antibodies for myelin-specific antigens including PLP, MOG, MAG, and MBP.

Plasma Cells

  • Esiri, M.M. (1977) Lancet 2:478.
    IgG-producing cells are present in MS plaques.
  • Sospedra, M. et al. (2005) Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23:683.
    Review highlighting the specificity of autoreactive T cells and antibodies for myelin-specific antigens including PLP, MOG, MAG, and MBP.
  • Zhang, Y. et al (2005) J. Neuroimmunol. 167:120.
    Clonally expanded plasma cells secreting antibody are present in MS lesions.

T Cells

  • Balashov, K.E. et al (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:6873.
    CCR5 and CXCR3 expressed by MS T cells.
  • Correale, J. et al. (2003) J. Neuroimmunol. 140:198.
    LFA-1/alphaL beta2 is upregulated on peripheral blood T cells from MS patients.
  • D'Souza, S.D. et al. (1996) J. Exp. Med. 184:2361.
    Infiltrating MS Lymphocytes express Fas Ligand.
  • Gerritse, K. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:2499.
    MS CD4+ T cells express CD40 Ligand.
  • Babbe, H. et al. (2000) J. Exp. Med. 192:393.
    Goverman, J. et al. (2005) Curr. Drug Targets Inflam. Allergy 4:239.
    CD8+ T cell subsets are clonally expanded in MS and may outnumber CD4+ cells.
  • Kieseier, B.C. et al. (2003) Glia 42:398.
    ADAM-17 could be observed exclusively in acute and chronic active MS plaques and localized to invading T lymphocytes.
  • Misu, T. et al. (2001) J. Neuroimmunol. 114 :207.
    CCR2 expression on circulating T cells is increased in MS.
  • Muraro, P.A. et al. (2000) J. Neuroimmunol. 111:186.
    Circulating MS T cells express VLA-4.
  • Simpson, J.E. et al. (2000) Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 26:133.
    CXCR3 is expressed by T cells and by astrocytes within the plaque.
  • Simpson, J. et al. (2000) J. Neuroimmunol. 108:192.
    CCR2 and CCR5 are present on infiltrating MS T Cells.
  • Sospedra, M. et al. (2005) Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23:683.
    A review highlighting the presence of autoreactive T cells and antibodies for myelin-specific antigens including PLP, MOG, MAG, and MBP.

GRAVES' DISEASE

Blood Vessels

  • Aubert, V.D. et al. (1995) Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 76:170.
    Graves' endothelia express E-Selectin and PECAM-1, E-Selectin, and P-Selectin.
  • Marazuela, M. et al. (1995) Cin. Exp. Immunol. 102:328.
    Graves' endothelia express E-Selectin and PECAM-1.
  • Miyazaki, A. et al. (1992) Clin. Exp. Immunol. 89:52.
    Graves' endothelia express P-Selectin and ICAM-1.
  • Nagura, S. et al. (2001) Hum. Pathol. 32:10.
    Graves' endothelial cells express VEGF R1.
  • Viglietto, G. et al. (1997) Oncogene 15:2687.
    Graves' endothelial cells express VEGF R1 and VEGF R2.

Circulating Cytokines

  • Al-Humaidi, M.A. (2000) Saudi Med. J. 21:639.
    Serum IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-4, and IL-6 elevated in Graves' disease.
  • Hidaka, Y. et al. (1998) Thyroid 8:235.
    Serum IL-5 elevated in Graves' disease.
  • Hiromatsu, Y. et al. (1999) Thyroid 9:341.
    sFas elevated in Graves' disease.
  • Tamaru, M. et al. (1999) Eur. J. Endocrinol. 141:111.
    Serum IL-12 elevated in Graves' disease.

Dendritic Cells

  • Kabel, P.J. et al. (1988) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66:199.
    Graves' dendritic cells express MHC II.
  • Marazuela, M. et al. (1994) Eur. J. Immunol. 24:2483.
    Graves' dendritic cells express VCAM-1 and ICAM-1.
  • Nakamura, Y. et al. (2004) Thyroid 14:819.
    Graves' dendritic cells express Fas Ligand.

Follicular Cells

  • Arao, T. et al. (2000) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:382.
    Tandon, N. et al. (1992) Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 64:30.
    Graves' follicular cells express ICAM-1.
  • Aust, G. et al. (2001) J. Endocrinol. 170:513.
    Graves' follicular cells express CXCL1.
  • Hadley, M.E. (1996) Endocrinology 4 th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
    Thyroid hormone production adapted from above reference.
  • Kasai, K. et al. (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 238:191.
    Graves' follicular cells express M-CSF.
  • Kayse, L. et al. (1995) Autoimmunity 20:75.
    Graves' follicular cells express IL-6 and IFN-alpha.
  • Kemp, E.H. et al. (2003) Clin Endocrinol. 59:207.
    Romagnani, P. et al. (2002) Am. J. Pathol. 161:195.
    Graves' follicular cells express CXCL9 and CXCL10.
  • Maciel, R.M. et al. (1995) Endocr. Pathol. 6:207.
    Graves' follicular cells express IGF-1.
  • Maria-Pilar, A. et al. (2003) J. Immunol. 170:6320.
    Graves' follicular cells express CXCL12.
  • Nagura, S. et al. (2001) Hum. Pathol. 32:10.
    Viglietto, G. et al. (1997) Oncogene 15:2687.
    Graves' follicular cells express VEGF.
  • Watson, P.F. et al. (1994) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79:355.
    Graves' follicular cells express CXCL8 and IL-6.

Macrophages

  • Aust, G. et al. (2001) J. Endocrinol. 170:513.
    Macrophages from Graves' thyroid express CXCR2.
  • Marazuela, M. et al. (1995) Cin. Exp. Immunol. 102:328.
    Graves' Macrophages express Endoglin
  • Matsuoka, N. et al. (1996) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:4137.
    Graves' macrophages express B7-1.
  • Nakamura, Y. et al. (2004) Thyroid 14:819.
    Graves' thyroid macrophages express Fas Ligand.
  • Romagnani, P. et al. (2002) Am. J. Pathol. 161:195.
    Graves' thyroid macrophages express CXCL9 and CXCL10.

Plasma Cells/B Cells

  • Itoh, M. et al. (2002) Cytokine 19:107.
    B Cells in Graves' Thyroid tissues express CD40.
  • Paschke, R. et al. (1991) Acta Endocrinol. 125:459.
    Plasma cells present in Graves' thyroid tissues and potential stimulation of follicular cells.

T Cells

  • Arao, T. et al. (2000) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85:382.
    Graves' T cells express LFA-1.
  • Aust, G. et al. (2002) Clin. Exp. Immunol. 127:479.
    CD4+ T cells from Graves' thyroid express CXCR3 and CCR5.
  • Ishikawa, N. et al. (1993)Clin. Exp. Immunol. 94:363.
    VLA-4 and VLA-5 expressed on Graves' CD4+ T cells.
  • Itoh, M. et al. (2002) Cytokine 19:107.
    CD8+ T cells are present in Graves' thyroid.
  • Kemp, E.H. et al. (2003) Clin Endocrinol. 59:207.
    Romagnani, P. et al. (2002) Am. J. Pathol. 161:195.
    Graves' thyroid T cells express CXCL9 and CXCL10.
  • Massart, C. et al. (1999) Autoimmunity 31:163.
    CD4+ T cells from Graves' thyroid express TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-4.
  • Roura-Mir, C. et al. (1997) Eur. J. Immunol. 27:3290.
    CD4+ T cells from Graves' thyroid express IL-4.
  • Wu, Z. et al. (1994) Clin. Exp. Immunol. 98:470.
    CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are present in Graves' thyroid.
  • Watson, P.F. et al. (1994) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79:355.
    T Cells in Graves' thyroid tissue express IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-alpha.
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