Human VAP‑B PE‑conjugated Antibody

Vesicle-associated Membrane Protein (VAMP)-associated Protein B (VAP-B), also known as VAMP-B, is an ~30 Da ubiquitously expressed type IV transmembrane (TM) protein that belongs to the VAP family (1, 2). It is found in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi and other membranes as a homodimer or a heterodimer with VAP-A, probably associating through a GxxxG motif in the transmembrane regions (1, 2). Human VAP-B cDNA encodes 243 amino acids (aa) that include a 222 aa cytoplasmic domain and a 21 aa C-terminal membrane anchor. The cytoplasmic domain contains a mobile sperm protein (MSP) domain (aa 7‑124) plus a coiled-coil region (aa 159‑196) that initiates dimerization. Over aa 2-132, human VAP-B shares 97% aa sequence identity with mouse VAP-B and 81% aa sequence identity with VAP-A. VAP-A and VAP-B MSP domains recruit FFAT (two phenylalanines in an acidic tract)-motif-containing proteins to the cytosolic surface of ER membranes (2‑4). FFAT proteins mediate many of the effects of VAPs on regulation of membrane transport, phospholipid biosynthesis, microtubule organization, and the unfolded protein response (2, 3). VAPs also interact with some SNARE and viral proteins (2). A human polymorphism of VAP-B, P56S, is found in three familial motor neuron diseases, notably the amylotrophic lateral sclerosis variant ALS8 (2). It produces a non-functional protein that can dimerize with, and inhibit the function of, normal VAP-B, leading to formation of intracellular aggregates and increased ER-stress-induced death of motor neurons (5‑8). It can also promote cleavage and secretion of soluble VAP-B, which can then function as a ligand for EPH receptors (9). A naturally occurring 99 aa isoform of VAP-B that shows a 29 aa substitution for aa 71-243 is termed VAP-C (1, 10). It also appears to be a negative regulator of VAP-A and VAP-B (10). While VAP-B is used by hepatitis C virus (HCV) for its propagation, VAP-C inhibits HCV propagation (10).