Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 6 (ENPP-6) is a choline-specific glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase. It is a member of a family of membrane-linked glycoproteins that, at an alkaline pH, hydrolyze pyrophosphate or phosphodiester bonds in a variety of extracellular compounds including nucleotides, lysophospholipids, and choline phosphate esters (1). ENPP-6 is a GPI-linked protein that is synthesized as a 440 amino acid (aa) precursor and has a predicted molecular weight of approximately 55 kDa (2). Its extracellular region contains a catalytic domain that is nearly 400 aa in length and shares 88% aa sequence identity with the mouse and rat orthologs (1, 3). A soluble form of ENPP-6 can be proteolytically shed and associate into a disulfide-linked homodimer (2, 4).
The catalytic domain of ENPP-6 specifically recognizes the phosphocholine part of its substrate (2, 3). ENPP-6 has been shown to display preference for choline-containing phospholipids or phosphodiesters such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF), and lysoPAF (3). Furthermore, ENPP-6 shows preference for LPC with short (12:0 and 14:0) or polyunsaturated (18:2 and 20:4) fatty acids (3). In vitro, ENNP-6 has been shown to efficiently hydrolyze the classical substrate for phospholipase C, p-nitrophenyl phosphorylcholine, but not the classical nucleotide phosphodiesterase substrate, p-nitrophenyl thymidine 5'-monophosphate (3). ENPP-6 is predominantly expressed in brain, where it is localized to myelin and kidney, with lesser expression being found in the heart (3, 5). ENPP-6 expression in the brain has been shown to be regulated by Thyroid Hormone and iron (6, 7). Additionally, in rat brain, ENPP-6 expression has been shown to be up-regulated during oligodendrocyte differentiation (8, 9).
