Canine RAGE Alexa Fluor™ Plus 680‑conjugated Antibody

Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are adducts formed by the non-enzymatic glycation of macromolecules. AGE formation is accelerated in oxidative and hyperglycemic conditions, diabetes, renal failure, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, arthritis, and in normal aging (1‑5). Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a 35 kDa type I transmembrane protein belonging the immunoglobulin superfamily. Besides AGEs, RAGE binds beta -amyloid peptide, S100/calgranulin family proteins, HMGB1/amphoterin, and leukocyte integrins (6‑9). Mature canine RAGE consists of a 383 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain (ECD) with one Ig-like V-type domain and two Ig-like C‑type domains, a 23 aa transmembrane segment, and a 43 aa cytoplasmic domain (10). Within the ECD, canine RAGE shares 73%‑77% aa sequence identity with human, mouse, and rat RAGE. In human, soluble forms of RAGE are generated by alternate splicing and are associated with multiple disease states (11, 12). RAGE is expressed in the embryonic central nervous system and on macrophages, monocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells (13‑15). It is upregulated in response to AGE accumulation, and its activation induces a broad proinflammatory response (6, 15). The increased production of reactive oxygen species during inflammation promotes additional AGE formation and RAGE upregulation, a cycle that exacerbates diabetic complications and inflammation‑induced tissue injury (2, 4).