Human VEGF-B_167/186 Alexa Fluor™ Plus 488‑conjugated Antibody

Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B), also known as vascular endothelial growth factor-related factor (VRF), is a member of the VEGF family of growth factors that share structural and functional similarity (1, 2). Five mammalian members, including VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D and PlGF, have been identified. VEGF family members are disulfide-linked dimeric proteins that are important regulators of physiological and pathological vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. VEGF-B is expressed in most tissues, especially in heart, skeletal muscle and pancreas. In many tissues, VEGF-B is co-expressed and can heterodimerize with VEGF (3). By alternative splicing, two isoforms of mature VEGF-B containing 167 or 186 amino acid (aa) residues exist (3, 4). The two VEGF-B isoforms have identical amino-terminal cysteine-knot VEGF homology domains but the carboxyl end of VEGF-B₁₆₇ differs from that of VEGF-B₁₈₆ by the presence of a highly basic cysteine-rich heparin binding domain. Whereas VEGF-B₁₈₆ is a secreted diffusible protein, VEGF-B₁₆₇ is sequestered into the cell matrix after secretion. Both VEGF-B isoforms bind VEGF receptor 1 (VEGF R1), but not VEGF R2 or VEGF R3 (5). On endothelial cells, ligation of VEGF R1 by VEGF-B has been shown to regulate the expression and activity of urokinase type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. VEGF-B₁₆₇ and a proteolytically processed form of VEGF-B₁₈₆ (VEGF-B₁₂₇) also bind neuropilin-1 (NP-1), a type I transmembrane receptor for semaphorins/collapsins, ligands involved in neuron guidance (6). Besides VEGF-B, NP-1 has been shown to bind PLGF-2, VEGF₁₆₅ and VEGF R1 (6, 7). The many interactions of NP-1 with VEGF ligands and receptor suggests that NP-1 may function as a regulator of angiogenesis (7).