CD28 Antibody - BSA Free

Name: CD28 Antibody - BSA Free
Brand: Novus Biologicals
SKU: NBP2-57015
Price: 519 USD
Availability: InStock

Novus Biologicals | Catalog # NBP2-57015

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Product Specifications
Scientific Data
Applications
Preparation & Storage
Background
Product Documents
Specific Notices
Research Areas

Key Product Details

Validated by

Orthogonal Validation

Species Reactivity

Human

Applications

Immunohistochemistry, Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin

Label

Unconjugated

Antibody Source

Polyclonal Rabbit IgG

Format

BSA Free

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Product Specifications

Immunogen

This antibody was developed against a recombinant protein corresponding to the following amino acid sequence: RSKRSRLLHSDYMNMTPRRPGPTRKHYQPYAPPRDFAAYRS

Reactivity Notes

Mouse 80%, Rat 83%

Clonality

Polyclonal

Host

Rabbit

Isotype

IgG

Description

Novus Biologicals Rabbit CD28 Antibody - BSA Free (NBP2-57015) is a polyclonal antibody validated for use in IHC. All Novus Biologicals antibodies are covered by our 100% guarantee.

Scientific Data Images for CD28 Antibody - BSA Free

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD28 Antibody [NBP2-57015]

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD28 Antibody [NBP2-57015] - Analysis in human lymph node and liver tissues. Corresponding CD28 RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD28 Antibody [NBP2-57015]

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD28 Antibody [NBP2-57015] - Staining of human cerebral cortex shows no positivity in neuronal cells as expected.

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD28 Antibody [NBP2-57015]

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD28 Antibody [NBP2-57015] - Staining of human liver shows no positivity in hepatocytes.

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD28 Antibody [NBP2-57015]

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD28 Antibody [NBP2-57015] - Staining of human tonsil shows moderate membranous positivity in lymphocytes.

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD28 Antibody [NBP2-57015]

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD28 Antibody [NBP2-57015] - Staining of human lymph node shows moderate membranous positivity in lymphocytes.

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Applications for CD28 Antibody - BSA Free

Application

Recommended Usage

Immunohistochemistry

1:50 - 1:200

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin

1:50 - 1:200

Application Notes

For IHC-Paraffin, HIER pH 6 retrieval is recommended.

Formulation, Preparation, and Storage

Purification

Affinity purified

Formulation

PBS (pH 7.2) and 40% Glycerol

Format

BSA Free

Preservative

0.02% Sodium Azide

Concentration

Concentrations vary lot to lot. See vial label for concentration. If unlisted please contact technical services.

Shipping

The product is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.

Stability & Storage

Store at 4C short term. Aliquot and store at -20C long term. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.

Background: CD28

CD28 (cluster differentiation 28) is a 44 kDa disulfide linked homodimeric T cell specific surface glycoprotein with a role in providing co-stimulatory signals required for T cell activation and survival (1). The CD28 family of receptors, including PD-1, CTLA-4, and ICOS, share several common features including paired V-set immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains attached to a single transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic domains containing critical signaling motifs (2). Additionally, CD28 and CTLA-4 are very similar in genomic organization. The corresponding genes co-map on human chromosome 2q33 and mouse chromosome 1 (3). Human CD28 isoform 1 is synthesized as a protein of 220 amino acids (aa) in length with a calculated molecular weight of 25 kDa (3).

CD28 is the prototypical and best-characterized costimulatory molecule on T cells (4). Its signals are critical for optimal naive T cell activation, cytokine production, proliferation, and survival (4). In order to sustain T cell activation, CD28 will consolidate immunological synapse formation, increase cell cycle progression through upregulated D-cyclin expression, and aid in T cell survival by in inducing the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL (5). CD28 is constitutively expressed on naive and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ cells (5). CD28 deficiency has a large impact on T cell responses including activation, proliferation, immunoglobulin (Ig) class-switching, and germinal center (GC) formation (6). CD28 is a critical regulator of autoimmune diseases and tolerance to solid organ transplants in human patients (6). The CD28 pathway plays a central role in immune responses against pathogens, autoimmune diseases, and graft rejection (7). CD28 engagement via antibodies augments the proliferation of T cells in response to immobilized anti-CD3 antibodies (8). Additionally, antibody engagement of CD28 can supply costimulation to T cells encountering APCs deficient in costimulatory ligands, such as CD80 and CD86, and prevents the resultant anergic state that otherwise occurs in the absence of costimulatory signaling (8).

References

1. Esensten, J. H., Helou, Y. A., Chopra, G., Weiss, A., & Bluestone, J. A. (2016). CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy. Immunity, 44(5), 973-988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.020

2. Carreno, B. M., & Collins, M. (2002). The B7 family of ligands and its receptors: new pathways for costimulation and inhibition of immune responses. Annual review of immunology, 20, 29-53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.091101.091806

3. Ward S. G. (1996). CD28: a signaling perspective. The Biochemical journal, 318 (Pt 2), 361-377. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3180361

4. Zhang, R., Huynh, A., Whitcher, G., Chang, J., Maltzman, J. S., & Turka, L. A. (2013). An obligate cell-intrinsic function for CD28 in Tregs. The Journal of clinical investigation, 123(2), 580-593. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI65013

5. Evans, E. J., Esnouf, R. M., Manso-Sancho, R., Gilbert, R. J., James, J. R., Yu, C., Fennelly, J. A., Vowles, C., Hanke, T., Walse, B., Hunig, T., Sorensen, P., Stuart, D. I., & Davis, S. J. (2005). Crystal structure of a soluble CD28-Fab complex. Nature immunology, 6(3), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1170

6. Bour-Jordan, H., & Blueston, J. A. (2002). CD28 function: a balance of costimulatory and regulatory signals. Journal of clinical immunology, 22(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014256417651

7. Krummel, M. F., & Allison, J. P. (1995). CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. The Journal of experimental medicine, 182(2), 459-465. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.182.2.459

8. Luhder, F., Huang, Y., Dennehy, K. M., Guntermann, C., Muller, I., Winkler, E., Kerkau, T., Ikemizu, S., Davis, S. J., Hanke, T., & Hunig, T. (2003). Topological requirements and signaling properties of T cell-activating, anti-CD28 antibody superagonists. The Journal of experimental medicine, 197(8), 955-966. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20021024

Alternate Names

CD28

Gene Symbol

CD28

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Product Specific Notices for CD28 Antibody - BSA Free

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.