Most cell types express three sizes of receptors for TGF-beta. These are designated Type I (53 kDa), Type II (70 - 85 kDa), and Type III (250 - 350 kDa). The Type III receptor, a proteoglycan that exists in membrane-bound and soluble forms, binds TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3 but does not appear to be involved in signal transduction. The Type II receptor is a membrane-bound serine/threonine kinase that binds TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 3 with high affinity and TGF-beta 2 with a much lower affinity. The Type I receptor is also a membrane-bound serine/threonine kinase that apparently requires the presence of the Type II receptor to bind TGF-beta. Current evidence suggests that signal transduction requires the cytoplasmic domains of both the Type I and Type II receptors.
The recombinant soluble TGF-beta Type II receptor is capable of binding TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 3, and TGF-beta 5 with sufficient affinity to act as an inhibitor of these isoforms at high concentrations. The soluble receptor also binds TGF-beta 2, but with an affinity at least two orders of magnitude lower. Binding of TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 3, and TGF-beta 5 to the soluble TGF-beta Type II receptor can also be demonstrated by using the soluble receptor as a capture agent on ELISA plates and this observation has been used as the basis for the development of immunoassays for these isoforms of TGF-beta.
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