FGF basic is a member of the FGF family of at least 23 related mitogenic proteins which show 35‑60% amino acid conservation. FGF acidic and basic, unlike the other members of the family, lack signal peptides and are apparently secreted by mechanisms other than the classical protein secretion pathway. FGF basic has been isolated from a number of sources, including neural tissue, pituitary, adrenal cortex, corpus luteum, and placenta. This factor contains four cysteine residues, but reduced FGF basic retains full biological activity, indicating that disulfide bonds are not required for this activity. A variety of forms of FGF basic are produced as a result of N-terminal extensions. These extensions affect localization of FGF basic in cellular compartments but do not affect biological activity. Binding of FGF to heparin or cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans is necessary for binding of FGF to high affinity FGF receptors. FGF acidic and basic appear to bind to the same high affinity receptors and show a similar range of biological activities. FGF basic stimulates the proliferation of all cells of mesodermal origin and many cells of neuroectodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal origin. FGF basic induces neuron differentiation, survival, and regeneration. FGF basic also modulates embryonic development and differentiation. These observed in vitro functions of FGF basic suggest FGF basic may play a role in vivo in the modulation of such normal processes as angiogenesis, wound healing and tissue repair, embryonic development and differentiation, and neuronal function and neural degeneration. Additionally, FGF basic may participate in the production of a variety of pathological conditions resulting from excessive cell proliferation and excessive angiogenesis.
Human FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF Antibody
R&D Systems | Catalog # AF-233-NA
Key Product Details
Species Reactivity
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Scientific Data Images for Human FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF Antibody
FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF in Human Placenta.
FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human placenta using Goat Anti-Human FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF-233-NA) at 10 µg/mL overnight at 4 °C. Before incubation with the primary antibody, tissue was subjected to heat-induced epitope retrieval using Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Basic (Catalog # CTS013). Tissue was stained using the Anti-Goat HRP-DAB Cell & Tissue Staining Kit (brown; Catalog # CTS008) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Specific staining was localized to trophoblast cells in chorionic villi. View our protocol for Chromogenic IHC Staining of Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections.
Cell Proliferation Induced by FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF and Neutralization by Human FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF Antibody.
Bovine FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF (Catalog # 133-FB) stimulates proliferation in the NR6R-3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line in a dose-dependent manner (orange line). Proliferation elicited by Bovine FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF (0.5 ng/mL) is neutralized (green line) by increasing concentrations of Goat Anti-Human FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF-233-NA). The ND50 is typically 0.08-0.4 µg/mL.
Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
FGF2 is found at the outer surface of EVs secreted by dermal fibroblasts cultured in FGF2-containing medium. (A) FGF2, syntenin-1 and CD63 expression in DF cells and EV lysate (20 μg) was examined by western blot. Three isoforms of endogenous FGF2 were present in DF cells while FGF2-EVs contained the low molecular weight FGF2 isoform corresponding to recombinant FGF2. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (B) Cells were cultured in the presence of His-tagged FGF2; western blot with 15 μg lysate and using anti-His antibody revealed the presence of His-FGF2 in secreted EVs. A shift in FGF2 size was also observed. Syntenin-1 was used as EV marker. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (C) FGF2-EVs were loaded on a SEC column and collected fractions 8 and 9 (3E + 9p) were analyzed by western blot using antibodies for FGF2 and the EV markers CD63, CD81 and syntenin-1. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. For quantification, fractions were also analyzed by NTA. (D) FGF2 detection in FGF2-EVs by ELISA assay. Intact CTL- and FGF2-EVs (8E + 8p) were directly placed on FGF2 ELISA wells for external surface detection. FGF2-EVs were also treated with 0.1% triton and analyzed to detect internal FGF2. No FGF2 signal was detected in CTL-EVs. (E) FGF2 expression on FGF2-EVs was detected by flow cytometry. EVs were coupled to latex beads and labeled with FGF2 antibody before analysis by cytometry. Beads without EVs (beads) and beads labelled with goat IgG antibody (IgG) serve as negative controls. A representative plot is shown. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550142), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
EV-bound FGF2 is protected from degradation. (A) Effect of EV binding on FGF2 thermal stability. FGF2 (10 ng/ml), alone or after incubation with EVs (8E + 8p) from different cell types for 1 h on ice, was placed at 37 °C for 24 h to challenge FGF2 thermal stability. Residual FGF2 activity was determined by (a) proliferation assay by BrDU incorporation and (b) ELISA assay to measure ESM-1 secretion. EVs from DF, MSC, HEK cells were tested. Results are mean ± SE of four independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple test), *< 0.05, **< 0.01, ***< 0.001, ****< 0.0001. (B) Effect of EV binding on FGF2 degradation by trypsin. FGF2 (10 ng), alone or after incubation with EVs from DF, MSC or HEK cells (8E + 8p) for 1 h on ice, was held at 37 °C with trypsin/EDTA (0.05%, diluted 1:2 v/v in 25 μl) for different time periods before loading on western blot to assess residual FGF2 protein. (a) Representative blot with CTL-EVs (b) Representative blot and quantification of FGF2 signal obtained after 10 min incubation with EVs from DF, MSC or HEK cells. Results are mean ± SE of 3–5 independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple test), *< 0.05. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550142), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
EV-bound FGF2 is protected from degradation. (A) Effect of EV binding on FGF2 thermal stability. FGF2 (10 ng/ml), alone or after incubation with EVs (8E + 8p) from different cell types for 1 h on ice, was placed at 37 °C for 24 h to challenge FGF2 thermal stability. Residual FGF2 activity was determined by (a) proliferation assay by BrDU incorporation and (b) ELISA assay to measure ESM-1 secretion. EVs from DF, MSC, HEK cells were tested. Results are mean ± SE of four independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple test), *< 0.05, **< 0.01, ***< 0.001, ****< 0.0001. (B) Effect of EV binding on FGF2 degradation by trypsin. FGF2 (10 ng), alone or after incubation with EVs from DF, MSC or HEK cells (8E + 8p) for 1 h on ice, was held at 37 °C with trypsin/EDTA (0.05%, diluted 1:2 v/v in 25 μl) for different time periods before loading on western blot to assess residual FGF2 protein. (a) Representative blot with CTL-EVs (b) Representative blot and quantification of FGF2 signal obtained after 10 min incubation with EVs from DF, MSC or HEK cells. Results are mean ± SE of 3–5 independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple test), *< 0.05. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550142), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
Sulfatinib inhibits OS migration through suppression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). (A) The protein levels of EMT and metastatic markers were detected by Western blotting after 24 h sulfatinib treatment. (B) Sulfatinib inhibits phosphorylation of migration-related signal pathway induced by bFGF. (C) Immunohistochemistry for EMT- related markers (FGFR1, p-FGFR1, N-cadherin, and E-cadherin) in tumor sections after treatment (scale bar, 100 μm). OS, osteosarcoma; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37361567), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
FGF2 is found at the outer surface of EVs secreted by dermal fibroblasts cultured in FGF2-containing medium. (A) FGF2, syntenin-1 and CD63 expression in DF cells and EV lysate (20 μg) was examined by western blot. Three isoforms of endogenous FGF2 were present in DF cells while FGF2-EVs contained the low molecular weight FGF2 isoform corresponding to recombinant FGF2. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (B) Cells were cultured in the presence of His-tagged FGF2; western blot with 15 μg lysate and using anti-His antibody revealed the presence of His-FGF2 in secreted EVs. A shift in FGF2 size was also observed. Syntenin-1 was used as EV marker. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (C) FGF2-EVs were loaded on a SEC column and collected fractions 8 and 9 (3E + 9p) were analyzed by western blot using antibodies for FGF2 and the EV markers CD63, CD81 and syntenin-1. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. For quantification, fractions were also analyzed by NTA. (D) FGF2 detection in FGF2-EVs by ELISA assay. Intact CTL- and FGF2-EVs (8E + 8p) were directly placed on FGF2 ELISA wells for external surface detection. FGF2-EVs were also treated with 0.1% triton and analyzed to detect internal FGF2. No FGF2 signal was detected in CTL-EVs. (E) FGF2 expression on FGF2-EVs was detected by flow cytometry. EVs were coupled to latex beads and labeled with FGF2 antibody before analysis by cytometry. Beads without EVs (beads) and beads labelled with goat IgG antibody (IgG) serve as negative controls. A representative plot is shown. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550142), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
FGF2 is found at the outer surface of EVs secreted by dermal fibroblasts cultured in FGF2-containing medium. (A) FGF2, syntenin-1 and CD63 expression in DF cells and EV lysate (20 μg) was examined by western blot. Three isoforms of endogenous FGF2 were present in DF cells while FGF2-EVs contained the low molecular weight FGF2 isoform corresponding to recombinant FGF2. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (B) Cells were cultured in the presence of His-tagged FGF2; western blot with 15 μg lysate and using anti-His antibody revealed the presence of His-FGF2 in secreted EVs. A shift in FGF2 size was also observed. Syntenin-1 was used as EV marker. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (C) FGF2-EVs were loaded on a SEC column and collected fractions 8 and 9 (3E + 9p) were analyzed by western blot using antibodies for FGF2 and the EV markers CD63, CD81 and syntenin-1. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. For quantification, fractions were also analyzed by NTA. (D) FGF2 detection in FGF2-EVs by ELISA assay. Intact CTL- and FGF2-EVs (8E + 8p) were directly placed on FGF2 ELISA wells for external surface detection. FGF2-EVs were also treated with 0.1% triton and analyzed to detect internal FGF2. No FGF2 signal was detected in CTL-EVs. (E) FGF2 expression on FGF2-EVs was detected by flow cytometry. EVs were coupled to latex beads and labeled with FGF2 antibody before analysis by cytometry. Beads without EVs (beads) and beads labelled with goat IgG antibody (IgG) serve as negative controls. A representative plot is shown. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550142), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
EV-bound FGF2 is protected from degradation. (A) Effect of EV binding on FGF2 thermal stability. FGF2 (10 ng/ml), alone or after incubation with EVs (8E + 8p) from different cell types for 1 h on ice, was placed at 37 °C for 24 h to challenge FGF2 thermal stability. Residual FGF2 activity was determined by (a) proliferation assay by BrDU incorporation and (b) ELISA assay to measure ESM-1 secretion. EVs from DF, MSC, HEK cells were tested. Results are mean ± SE of four independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple test), *< 0.05, **< 0.01, ***< 0.001, ****< 0.0001. (B) Effect of EV binding on FGF2 degradation by trypsin. FGF2 (10 ng), alone or after incubation with EVs from DF, MSC or HEK cells (8E + 8p) for 1 h on ice, was held at 37 °C with trypsin/EDTA (0.05%, diluted 1:2 v/v in 25 μl) for different time periods before loading on western blot to assess residual FGF2 protein. (a) Representative blot with CTL-EVs (b) Representative blot and quantification of FGF2 signal obtained after 10 min incubation with EVs from DF, MSC or HEK cells. Results are mean ± SE of 3–5 independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple test), *< 0.05. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550142), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
Sulfatinib inhibits OS migration through suppression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). (A) The protein levels of EMT and metastatic markers were detected by Western blotting after 24 h sulfatinib treatment. (B) Sulfatinib inhibits phosphorylation of migration-related signal pathway induced by bFGF. (C) Immunohistochemistry for EMT- related markers (FGFR1, p-FGFR1, N-cadherin, and E-cadherin) in tumor sections after treatment (scale bar, 100 μm). OS, osteosarcoma; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37361567), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
FGF2 is found at the outer surface of EVs secreted by dermal fibroblasts cultured in FGF2-containing medium. (A) FGF2, syntenin-1 and CD63 expression in DF cells and EV lysate (20 μg) was examined by western blot. Three isoforms of endogenous FGF2 were present in DF cells while FGF2-EVs contained the low molecular weight FGF2 isoform corresponding to recombinant FGF2. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (B) Cells were cultured in the presence of His-tagged FGF2; western blot with 15 μg lysate and using anti-His antibody revealed the presence of His-FGF2 in secreted EVs. A shift in FGF2 size was also observed. Syntenin-1 was used as EV marker. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (C) FGF2-EVs were loaded on a SEC column and collected fractions 8 and 9 (3E + 9p) were analyzed by western blot using antibodies for FGF2 and the EV markers CD63, CD81 and syntenin-1. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. For quantification, fractions were also analyzed by NTA. (D) FGF2 detection in FGF2-EVs by ELISA assay. Intact CTL- and FGF2-EVs (8E + 8p) were directly placed on FGF2 ELISA wells for external surface detection. FGF2-EVs were also treated with 0.1% triton and analyzed to detect internal FGF2. No FGF2 signal was detected in CTL-EVs. (E) FGF2 expression on FGF2-EVs was detected by flow cytometry. EVs were coupled to latex beads and labeled with FGF2 antibody before analysis by cytometry. Beads without EVs (beads) and beads labelled with goat IgG antibody (IgG) serve as negative controls. A representative plot is shown. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550142), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
FGF2 is found at the outer surface of EVs secreted by dermal fibroblasts cultured in FGF2-containing medium. (A) FGF2, syntenin-1 and CD63 expression in DF cells and EV lysate (20 μg) was examined by western blot. Three isoforms of endogenous FGF2 were present in DF cells while FGF2-EVs contained the low molecular weight FGF2 isoform corresponding to recombinant FGF2. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (B) Cells were cultured in the presence of His-tagged FGF2; western blot with 15 μg lysate and using anti-His antibody revealed the presence of His-FGF2 in secreted EVs. A shift in FGF2 size was also observed. Syntenin-1 was used as EV marker. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (C) FGF2-EVs were loaded on a SEC column and collected fractions 8 and 9 (3E + 9p) were analyzed by western blot using antibodies for FGF2 and the EV markers CD63, CD81 and syntenin-1. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. For quantification, fractions were also analyzed by NTA. (D) FGF2 detection in FGF2-EVs by ELISA assay. Intact CTL- and FGF2-EVs (8E + 8p) were directly placed on FGF2 ELISA wells for external surface detection. FGF2-EVs were also treated with 0.1% triton and analyzed to detect internal FGF2. No FGF2 signal was detected in CTL-EVs. (E) FGF2 expression on FGF2-EVs was detected by flow cytometry. EVs were coupled to latex beads and labeled with FGF2 antibody before analysis by cytometry. Beads without EVs (beads) and beads labelled with goat IgG antibody (IgG) serve as negative controls. A representative plot is shown. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550142), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
EV-bound FGF2 is protected from degradation. (A) Effect of EV binding on FGF2 thermal stability. FGF2 (10 ng/ml), alone or after incubation with EVs (8E + 8p) from different cell types for 1 h on ice, was placed at 37 °C for 24 h to challenge FGF2 thermal stability. Residual FGF2 activity was determined by (a) proliferation assay by BrDU incorporation and (b) ELISA assay to measure ESM-1 secretion. EVs from DF, MSC, HEK cells were tested. Results are mean ± SE of four independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple test), *< 0.05, **< 0.01, ***< 0.001, ****< 0.0001. (B) Effect of EV binding on FGF2 degradation by trypsin. FGF2 (10 ng), alone or after incubation with EVs from DF, MSC or HEK cells (8E + 8p) for 1 h on ice, was held at 37 °C with trypsin/EDTA (0.05%, diluted 1:2 v/v in 25 μl) for different time periods before loading on western blot to assess residual FGF2 protein. (a) Representative blot with CTL-EVs (b) Representative blot and quantification of FGF2 signal obtained after 10 min incubation with EVs from DF, MSC or HEK cells. Results are mean ± SE of 3–5 independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple test), *< 0.05. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550142), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Detection of FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF by Western Blot
FGF2 is found at the outer surface of EVs secreted by dermal fibroblasts cultured in FGF2-containing medium. (A) FGF2, syntenin-1 and CD63 expression in DF cells and EV lysate (20 μg) was examined by western blot. Three isoforms of endogenous FGF2 were present in DF cells while FGF2-EVs contained the low molecular weight FGF2 isoform corresponding to recombinant FGF2. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (B) Cells were cultured in the presence of His-tagged FGF2; western blot with 15 μg lysate and using anti-His antibody revealed the presence of His-FGF2 in secreted EVs. A shift in FGF2 size was also observed. Syntenin-1 was used as EV marker. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. (C) FGF2-EVs were loaded on a SEC column and collected fractions 8 and 9 (3E + 9p) were analyzed by western blot using antibodies for FGF2 and the EV markers CD63, CD81 and syntenin-1. Original blots are shown in Suppl. Information. For quantification, fractions were also analyzed by NTA. (D) FGF2 detection in FGF2-EVs by ELISA assay. Intact CTL- and FGF2-EVs (8E + 8p) were directly placed on FGF2 ELISA wells for external surface detection. FGF2-EVs were also treated with 0.1% triton and analyzed to detect internal FGF2. No FGF2 signal was detected in CTL-EVs. (E) FGF2 expression on FGF2-EVs was detected by flow cytometry. EVs were coupled to latex beads and labeled with FGF2 antibody before analysis by cytometry. Beads without EVs (beads) and beads labelled with goat IgG antibody (IgG) serve as negative controls. A representative plot is shown. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36550142), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.Applications for Human FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF Antibody
Immunohistochemistry
Sample: Immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human ovarian cancer tissue and Immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human placenta subjected to Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Basic (Catalog # CTS013)
Western Blot
Sample: Recombinant Human FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF (146 aa) (Catalog # 233-FB)
Neutralization
Formulation, Preparation, and Storage
Purification
Reconstitution
Reconstitute at 0.2 mg/mL in sterile PBS. For liquid material, refer to CoA for concentration.
Formulation
Shipping
Stability & Storage
- 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
- 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
- 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Calculators
Background: FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF
References
- Coulier, F. et al. (1997) J. Mol. Evol. 44:43.
- Chen, C.H. et al. (2004) Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 2:33.
- Mohammadi, M. et al. (2005) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 15:506.
- Fernig, D. et al. (1994) Prog. Growth Factor Res. 5:353.
Long Name
Alternate Names
Gene Symbol
Additional FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF Products
Product Documents for Human FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF Antibody
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Product Specific Notices for Human FGF basic/FGF2/bFGF Antibody
For research use only
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Protocols
Find general support by application which include: protocols, troubleshooting, illustrated assays, videos and webinars.
- Antigen Retrieval Protocol (PIER)
- Antigen Retrieval for Frozen Sections Protocol
- Appropriate Fixation of IHC/ICC Samples
- Cellular Response to Hypoxia Protocols
- Chromogenic IHC Staining of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Tissue Protocol
- Chromogenic Immunohistochemistry Staining of Frozen Tissue
- Detection & Visualization of Antibody Binding
- Fluorescent IHC Staining of Frozen Tissue Protocol
- Graphic Protocol for Heat-induced Epitope Retrieval
- Graphic Protocol for the Preparation and Fluorescent IHC Staining of Frozen Tissue Sections
- Graphic Protocol for the Preparation and Fluorescent IHC Staining of Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections
- Graphic Protocol for the Preparation of Gelatin-coated Slides for Histological Tissue Sections
- IHC Sample Preparation (Frozen sections vs Paraffin)
- Immunofluorescent IHC Staining of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Tissue Protocol
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Immunocytochemistry (ICC) Protocols
- Immunohistochemistry Frozen Troubleshooting
- Immunohistochemistry Paraffin Troubleshooting
- Preparing Samples for IHC/ICC Experiments
- Preventing Non-Specific Staining (Non-Specific Binding)
- Primary Antibody Selection & Optimization
- Protocol for Heat-Induced Epitope Retrieval (HIER)
- Protocol for Making a 4% Formaldehyde Solution in PBS
- Protocol for VisUCyte™ HRP Polymer Detection Reagent
- Protocol for the Preparation & Fixation of Cells on Coverslips
- Protocol for the Preparation and Chromogenic IHC Staining of Frozen Tissue Sections
- Protocol for the Preparation and Chromogenic IHC Staining of Frozen Tissue Sections - Graphic
- Protocol for the Preparation and Chromogenic IHC Staining of Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections
- Protocol for the Preparation and Chromogenic IHC Staining of Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections - Graphic
- Protocol for the Preparation and Fluorescent IHC Staining of Frozen Tissue Sections
- Protocol for the Preparation and Fluorescent IHC Staining of Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections
- Protocol for the Preparation of Gelatin-coated Slides for Histological Tissue Sections
- R&D Systems Quality Control Western Blot Protocol
- TUNEL and Active Caspase-3 Detection by IHC/ICC Protocol
- The Importance of IHC/ICC Controls
- Troubleshooting Guide: Immunohistochemistry
- Troubleshooting Guide: Western Blot Figures
- Western Blot Conditions
- Western Blot Protocol
- Western Blot Protocol for Cell Lysates
- Western Blot Troubleshooting
- Western Blot Troubleshooting Guide
- View all Protocols, Troubleshooting, Illustrated assays and Webinars