CHIR 99021
Chemical Name: 6-[[2-[[4-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]ethyl]amino]-3-pyridinecarbonitrile
Purity: ≥98%
Biological Activity
Potent and highly selective inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) (IC50 values are 6.7 and 10 nM for GSK-3β and GSK-3α respectively). Acts as Wnt activator. Exhibits >500-fold selectivity for GSK-3 over closely related kinases; also displays >800-fold selectivity against 45 additional enzymes and receptors. In combination with tranylcypromine (Cat. No. 3852), enables reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts, transduced by Oct4 and Klf4 only, into iPSCs. Enhances mouse and human ESC self-renewal when used in combination with PD 0325901 (Cat. No. 4192). Allows formation of extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells in combination with (S)-(+)-Dimethindene maleate (Cat.No. 1425), minocycline hydrochloride (Cat.No. 3268) and human leukemia inhibitory factor.CHIR 99021 synthesized to cGMP guidelines also available.
Cardiomyocyte derived from hiPSC using CHIR 99021
Cardiomyocyte derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using CHIR 99021. Cells cultured in Media supplemented with Activin A (Cat. No. 338-AC, R&D Systems), N21-MAX Insulin Free (AR010, R&D Systems), BMP-4 (314-BP, R&D Systems), bFGF (233-FB, R&D Systems) and DKK-1 (5439-DK, R&D Systems). Stained for F-Actin (Phalloidin, green), Troponin T (red, Cat. No. Human Troponin T (Cardiac) Antibody, Cat. No. MAB1874, R&D Systems) and counterstained with DAPI (blue, Cat. No. 5748, Tocris).

Technical Data
The technical data provided above is for guidance only.
For batch specific data refer to the Certificate of Analysis.
Tocris products are intended for laboratory research use only, unless stated otherwise.
Background References
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The generation of kidney organoids by differentiation of human pluripotent cells to ureteric bud progenitor-like cells.
Xia Y, Sancho-Martinez I, Nivet E et al.
Nat Protoc. -
3D mouse embryonic stem cell culture for generating inner ear organoids.
Koehler KR, Hashino E.
Nat Protoc -
AKT kinase activity is required for Li to modulate mood-related behaviors in mice.
Pan et al.
Neuropsychopharmacology, 2011;36:1397 -
Selective glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors potentiate Ins activation of glucose transport and utilization in vitro and in vivo.
Ring et al.
Diabetes, 2003;52:588 -
Pleiotropy of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition by CHIR99021 promotes self-renewal of embyronic stem cells from refractory mouse strains.
Ye et al.
PLoS One, 2012;7:e35892 -
Generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells in the absence of exogenous Sox2.
Li et al.
Stem Cells, 2009;27:2992 -
Derivation of pluripotent stem cells with in vivo embryonic and extraembryonic potency.
Yang et al.
Cell., 2017;169:243 -
In vitro expansion of human gastric epithelial stem cells and their responses to bacterial infection.
Bartfeld et al.
Gastroenterology, 2015;148:126 -
SnapShot: Growing Organoids from Stem Cells.
Sato et al.
Cell, 2015;161:1700 -
Establishment of gastrointestinal epithelial organoids
Mahe et al.
Curr.Protoc. Mouse Biol., 2014;3:217 -
In vitro generation of human pluripotent stem cell derived lung organoids.
Dye et al.
Elife, 2015; -
Human blood vessel organoids as a model of diabetic vasculopathy.
Wimmer et al.
Nature, 2019;565:505 -
3D Printing of Personalized Thick and Perfusable Cardiac Patches and Hearts.
Noor et al.
Adv.Sci.(Weinh), 2019;6:1900344 -
Generation of spatial-patterned early-developing cardiac organoids using human pluripotent stem cells.
Hoang et al.
Nat.Protoc., 2018;13:723
Product Datasheets
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Citations for CHIR 99021
The citations listed below are publications that use Tocris products. Selected citations for CHIR 99021 include:
111 Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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Efficient Generation of Trunk Neural Crest and Sympathetic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Via a Neuromesodermal Axial Progenitor Intermediate.
Authors: Frith and Tsakiridis
Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol 2019;:e81
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User-defined morphogen patterning for directing human cell fate stratification.
Authors: Regier Et al.
Sci Rep 2019;9:6433
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Quantification of human neuromuscular function through optogenetics.
Authors: Vila Et al.
Theranostics 2019;9:1232
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Automation of human pluripotent stem cell differentiation toward retinal pigment epithelial cells for large-scale productions.
Authors: Regent Et al.
Sci Rep 2019;9:10646
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Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into mature stratified bladder urothelium.
Authors: Suzuki Et al.
Sci Rep 2019;9:10506
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Evaluating Shigella flexneri Pathogenesis in the Human Enteroid Model.
Authors: Ranganathan Et al.
Infect Immun 2019;87
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Human blood vessel organoids as a model of diabetic vasculopathy.
Authors: Wimmer Et al.
Nature 2019;565:505
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A C/EBPα-Wnt connection in gut homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
Authors: Heuberger Et al.
Life Sci Alliance 2019;2:e201800173
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NMDAR-Activated PP1 Dephosphorylates GluN2B to Modulate NMDAR Synaptic Content.
Authors: Chiu Et al.
Cell Rep 2019;28:332
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Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing-Based CRISPRi Screening Resolves Molecular Drivers of Early Human Endoderm Development.
Authors: Genga Et al.
Cell Rep 2019;27:708
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In Vivo Generation of Post-infarct Human Cardiac Muscle by Laminin-Promoted Cardiovascular Progenitors.
Authors: Yap Et al.
Cell Rep 2019;26:3231
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User-Friendly and Parallelized Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microtissues in a Centrifugal Heart-on-a-Chip.
Authors: Schneider Et al.
Tissue Eng Part A 2019;25:786
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Single-Cell Sequencing of iPSC-DA Neurons Reconstructs Disease Progression and Identifies HDAC4 as a Regulator of Parkinson Cell Phenotypes.
Authors: Lang Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2019;24:93
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Establishment of porcine and human expanded potential stem cells.
Authors: Gao Et al.
Nat Cell Biol 2019;21:687
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Fine Tuning of Hepatocyte Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Growth Factor vs. Small Molecule-Based Approaches.
Authors: Varghese Et al.
Stem Cells Int 2019;2019:5968236
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A dose-dependent response to MEK inhibition determines hypoblast fate in bovine embryos.
Authors: Canizo Et al.
BMC Dev Biol 2019;19:13
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An isogenic neurovascular unit model comprised of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons.
Authors: Canfield Et al.
Fluids Barriers CNS 2019;16:25
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Neuropathy-causing mutations in HSPB1 impair autophagy by disturbing the formation of SQSTM1/p62 bodies.
Authors: Haidar Et al.
Autophagy 2019;15:1051
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Huntington's Disease Patient-Derived Astrocytes Display Electrophysiological Impairments and Reduced Neuronal Support.
Authors: Garcia Et al.
Front Neurosci 2019;13:669
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FGF Modulates the Axial Identity of Trunk hPSC-Derived Neural Crest but Not the Cranial-Trunk Decision.
Authors: Hackland Et al.
Stem Cell Reports 2019;12:920
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Chemical conversion of human fetal astrocytes into neurons through modulation of multiple signaling pathways.
Authors: Yin Et al.
Stem Cell Reports 2019;12:488
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Implantation initiation of self-assembled embryo-like structures generated using three types of mouse blastocyst-derived stem cells.
Authors: Zhang Et al.
Nat Commun 2019;10:496
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Maternal pluripotency factors initiate extensive chromatin remodelling to predefine first response to inductive signals.
Authors: Gentsch Et al.
Nat Commun 2019;10:4269
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Dual stem cell therapy synergistically improves cardiac function and vascular regeneration following myocardial infarction.
Authors: Park Et al.
Nat Commun 2019;10:3123
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Efficient derivation of extended pluripotent stem cells from NOD-scid Il2rg-/- mice.
Authors: Du Et al.
Protein Cell 2019;10:31
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Generation of pig induced pluripotent stem cells using an extended pluripotent stem cell culture system.
Authors: Xu Et al.
Stem Cell Res Ther 2019;10:193
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ETV1 activates a rapid conduction transcriptional program in rodent and human cardiomyocytes.
Authors: Shekhar Et al.
Sci Rep 2018;8:9944
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Shared effects of DISC1 disruption and elevated WNT signaling in human cerebral organoids.
Authors: Srikanth Et al.
Transl Psychiatry 2018;8:77
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Stage-specific Effects of Bioactive Lipids on Human iPSC Cardiac Differentiation and Cardiomyocyte Proliferation.
Authors: Sharma Et al.
Sci Rep 2018;8:6618
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Expansion of Airway Basal Cells and Generation of Polarized Epithelium.
Authors: Levardon Et al.
Bio Protoc 2018;8
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Functional comparison of distinct Brachyury+ states in a renal differentiation assay.
Authors: Zhou Et al.
Biol Open 2018;7
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Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Manufactured Using a Current Good Manufacturing Practice-Compliant Process Differentiate Into Clinically Relevant Cells From Three Germ Layers.
Authors: Shafa Et al.
Front Med (Lausanne) 2018;5:69
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Derivation of Epithelial-Only Airway Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.
Authors: McCauley Et al.
Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol 2018;45:e51
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Generation of human vascularized brain organoids.
Authors: Pham Et al.
Neuroreport 2018;29:588
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Identification of direct negative cross-talk between the SLIT2 and bone morphogenetic protein-Gremlin signaling pathways.
Authors: Tumelty Et al.
J Biol Chem 2018;293:3039
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Paneth Cells Respond to Inflammation and Contribute to Tissue Regeneration by Acquiring Stem-like Features through SCF/c-Kit Signaling.
Authors: Schmitt Et al.
Cell Rep 2018;24:2312
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Th17 lymphocytes induce neuronal cell death in a human iPSC-based model of Parkinson's disease.
Authors: Sommer Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2018;23:123
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Super-Obese Patient-Derived iPSC Hypothalamic Neurons Exhibit Obesogenic Signatures and Hormone Responses.
Authors: Rajamani Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2018;22:698
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Myoepithelial Cells of Submucosal Glands Can Function as Reserve Stem Cells to Regenerate Airways after Injury.
Authors: Tata Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2018;22:668
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Submucosal Gland Myoepithelial Cells Are Reserve Stem Cells That Can Regenerate Mouse Tracheal Epithelium.
Authors: Lynch Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2018;22:653
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CRISPR-based chromatin remodeling of the endogenous Oct4 or Sox2 locus enables reprogramming to pluripotency.
Authors: Liu Et al.
Cell Stem Cell. 2018;22:252
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Highly efficient transfection of human induced pluripotent stem cells using magnetic nanoparticles.
Authors: Yamoah Et al.
Int J Nanomedicine 2018;13:6073
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The COPII cargo adapter SEC24C is essential for neuronal homeostasis.
Authors: Wang Et al.
J Clin Invest 2018;128:3319
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Generation of functioning nephrons by implanting human pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney progenitors.
Authors: Bantounas Et al.
Stem Cell Reports 2018;10:766
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Direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts into functional skeletal muscle progenitors.
Authors: Bar-Nur Et al.
Stem Cell Reports 2018;10:1505
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Notch and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Impact Definitive Hematopoiesis from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.
Authors: Leung Et al.
Stem Cells 2018;
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Rapid generation of gene-targeted EPS-derived mouse models through tetraploid complementation.
Authors: Li Et al.
Protein Cell 2018;
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Cocktail of chemical compounds robustly promoting cell reprogramming protects liver against acute injury.
Authors: Tang and Cheng
Protein Cell 2017;8:273
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Culture in Glucose-Depleted Medium Supplemented with Fatty Acid and 3,3',5-Triiodo-l-Thyronine Facilitates Purification and Maturation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes.
Authors: Lin Et al.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017;8:253
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Mutual reinforcement between telomere capping and canonical Wnt signalling in the intestinalstem cell niche.
Authors: Yang
Nat Commun 2017;8:14766
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A pluripotent stem cell-based model for post-implantation human amniotic sac development.
Authors: Shao
Nat Commun 2017;8(1):208
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Biomaterial-Free Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Cardiac Tissue using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes.
Authors: Ong Et al.
Sci Rep 2017;7:4566
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Core Transcription Factors, MicroRNAs, and Small Molecules Drive Transdifferentiation of Human Fibroblasts Towards The Cardiac Cell Lineage.
Authors: Christoforou Et al.
Sci Rep 2017;7:40285
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Establishment of mouse expanded potential stem cells.
Authors: Yang Et al.
Nature 2017;550:393
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Guided self-organization and cortical plate formation in human brain organoids.
Authors: Lancaster Et al.
Nat Biotechnol 2017;35:659
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Efficient differentiation of TBX18(+)/WT1(+) epicardial-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells using small molecular compounds.
Authors: Zhao Et al.
Stem Cells Dev 2017;26:528
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Defined Culture Conditions Accelerate Small-molecule-assisted Neural Induction for the Production of Neural Progenitors from Human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.
Authors: Walsh Et al.
Cell Transplant 2017;26:1890
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons from Adult Common Marmoset Fibroblasts.
Authors: Vermilyea Et al.
Stem Cells Dev 2017;26:1225
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Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into functional lung alveolar epithelial cells.
Authors: Kotton Et al.
Cell Stem Cell. 2017;21:472
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A modular platform for differentiation of human PSCs into all major ectodermal lineages.
Authors: Tchieu Et al.
Cell Stem Cell. 2017;21:399
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Live imaging reveals that the first division of differentiating human embryonic stem cells often yields asymmetric fates.
Authors: Brown
Cell Rep 2017;21(2):301
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Efficient Derivation of Functional Human Airway Epithelium from Pluripotent Stem Cells via Temporal Regulation of Wnt Signaling.
Authors: McCauley Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2017;20:844
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In Vivo Human Somitogenesis Guides Somite Development from hPSCs.
Authors: Xi
Cell Rep. 2017;18(6):1573
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Anatomically and Functionally Distinct Lung Mesenchymal Populations Marked by Lgr5 and Lgr6.
Authors: Lee Et al.
Cell 2017;170:1149
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Derivation of pluripotent stem cells with in vivo embryonic and extraembryonic potency.
Authors: Yang Et al.
Cell. 2017;169:243
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Correction of Hirschsprung-Associated Mutations in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Via Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9, Restores Neural Crest Cell Function.
Authors: Lai Et al.
Gastroenterology 2017;153:139
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Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into functional cholangiocyte-like cells.
Authors: Sampaziotis Et al.
Nat Protoc 2017;12:814
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Generation of nephron progenitor cells and kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells.
Authors: Morizane and Bonventre
Nat Protoc 2017;12:195
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Dynamic regulation of Nanog and stem cell-signaling pathways by Hoxa1 during early neuro-ectodermal differentiation of ES cells.
Authors: Kumar Et al.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017;114:5838
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Integrin signalling regulates the expansion of neuroepithelial progenitors and neurogenesis via Wnt7a and Decorin.
Authors: Long Et al.
Nat Biotechnol 2016;7:10354
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Generating trunk neural crest from human pluripotent stem cells.
Authors: Huang Et al.
PLoS One 2016;6:19727
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Deriving human ENS lineages for cell therapy and drug discovery in Hirschsprung disease.
Authors: Fattahi Et al.
Nature 2016;531:105
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Generation of serotonin neurons from human pluripotent stem cells.
Authors: Lu Et al.
Nat Biotechnol 2016;34:89
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Regulation of WNT Signaling by VSX2 During Optic Vesicle Patterning in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.
Authors: Capowski Et al.
Stem Cells 2016;34:2625
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Enhancing a Wnt-Telomere Feedback Loop Restores Intestinal Stem Cell Function in a Human Organotypic Model of Dyskeratosis Congenita
Authors: Woo Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2016;19:397
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Dual SMAD Signaling Inhibition Enables Long-Term Expansion of Diverse Epithelial Basal Cells
Authors: Mou Et al.
Cell: Stem Cell 2016;19:217
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Pharmacological reprogramming of fibroblasts into neural stem cells by signaling-directed transcriptional activation.
Authors: Zhang Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2016;18:653
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Human Enteroids as a Model of Upper Small Intestinal Ion Transport Physiology and Pathophysiology.
Authors: Foulke-Abel Et al.
Nat Commun 2016;150:638
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Tankyrase inhibition promotes a stable human na�ve pluripotent state with improved functionality.
Authors: Zimmerlin Et al.
Development 2016;143:4368
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WNT/β-catenin signaling mediates human neural crest induction via a pre-neural border intermediate.
Authors: Leung Et al.
Development 2016;143:398
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Allelic Imbalance in Regulation of ANRIL through Chromatin Interaction at 9p21 Endometriosis Risk Locus.
Authors: Nakaoka Et al.
PLoS Genet 2016;12:e1005893
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Generation of human muscle fibers and satellite-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro.
Authors: Chal Et al.
Nat.Protoc. 2016;11:1833
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Generation of kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells.
Authors: Takasato Et al.
Nature Protocols 2016;11:1681
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GH is permissive for neoplastic colon growth.
Authors: Chesnokova Et al.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:E3250
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HP Promotes Cardiac Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Chemically Defined Albumin-Free Medium, Enabling Consistent Manufacture of Cardiomyocytes.
Authors: Lin Et al.
Stem Cells Transl Med 2016;
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Human pluripotent stem cell derived midbrain PITX3(eGFP/w) neurons: a versatile tool for pharmacological screening and neurodegenerative modeling.
Authors: Watmuff Et al.
Front Cell Neurosci 2015;9:104
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Enolase 1 (ENO1) and protein disulfide-isomerase associated 3 (PDIA3) regulate Wnt/β-catenin-driven trans-differentiation of murine alveolar epithelial cells.
Authors: Mutze Et al.
Cell Rep 2015;8:877
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Plasticity of Hopx(+) type I alveolar cells to regenerate type II cells in the lung.
Authors: Jain Et al.
Nat Commun 2015;6:6727
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Generation and expansion of highly pure motor neuron progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells.
Authors: Du Et al.
Nat.Commun. 2015;6:6626
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Inhibition of Excessive Monoamine Oxidase A/B Activity Protects Against Stress-induced Neuronal Death in Huntington Disease.
Authors: Ooi Et al.
Nat Chem Biol 2015;52:1850
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Efficient generation of NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors from multiple human pluripotent stem cell lines.
Authors: Nostro Et al.
Eur J Immunol 2015;4:591
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The lymph node as a new site for kidney organogenesis.
Authors: Francipane and Lagasse
Stem Cells Transl Med 2015;4:295
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Glycogen synthase kinase-3 controls IL-10 expression in CD4(+) effector T-cell subsets through epigenetic modification of the IL-10 promoter.
Authors: Hill Et al.
Mol Neurobiol 2015;45:1103
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Nephron organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells model kidney development and injury.
Authors: Morizane Et al.
Stem Cell Reports 2015;33:1193
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Phosphorylation and SCF-mediated degradation regulate CREB-H transcription of metabolic targets.
Authors: Barbosa Et al.
Stem Cell Reports 2015;26:2939
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Automated Video-Based Analysis of Contractility and Calcium Flux in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Cultured over Different Spatial Scales.
Authors: Huebsch Et al.
Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015;21:467
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Small Molecules Efficiently Reprogram Human Astroglial Cells into Functional Neurons.
Authors: Zhang Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2015;17:735
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Non-genomic and Immune Evolution of Melanoma Acquiring MAPKi Resistance.
Authors: Hugo Et al.
Cell 2015;162:1271
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GSK3β-Dzip1-Rab8 cascade regulates ciliogenesis after mitosis.
Authors: Zhang Et al.
PLoS Biol 2015;13:e1002129
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Functional annotation of native enhancers with a Cas9-histone demethylase fusion.
Authors: Kearns Et al.
Nat Methods 2015;12:401
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Genomic DISC1 Disruption in hiPSCs Alters Wnt Signaling and Neural Cell Fate.
Authors: Srikanth Et al.
Sci Rep 2015;12:1414
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The bimodally expressed microRNA miR-142 gates exit from pluripotency.
Authors: Sladitschek and Neveu
J Biol Chem 2015;11:850
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GSK-3 modulates cellular responses to a broad spectrum of kinase inhibitors.
Authors: Thorne Et al.
Mol Biol Cell 2015;11:58
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Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Gene Expression Is Induced by Nanog and Oct4, Essential Pluripotent Stem Cells' Transcription Factors.
Authors: Solari Et al.
Mol Syst Biol 2015;10:e0144336
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Cytotoxicity and activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in mouse embryonic stem cells treated with four GSK3 inhibitors.
Authors: Naujok Et al.
BMC Res Notes 2014;7:273
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Mouse liver repopulation with hepatocytes generated from human fibroblasts.
Authors: Zhu Et al.
Nature 2014;508:93
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Derivation and expansion of PAX7-positive muscle progenitors from human and mouse embryonic stem cells.
Authors: Shelton Et al.
Dis Model Mech 2014;3:516
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A method to identify and isolate pluripotent human stem cells and mouse epiblast stem cells using lipid body-associated retinyl ester fluorescence.
Authors: Muthusamy Et al.
Stem Cell Reports 2014;3:169
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Functionality of endothelial cells and pericytes from human pluripotent stem cells demonstrated in cultured vascular plexus and zebrafish xenografts.
Authors: Orlova Et al.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014;34:177
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A novel suppressive effect of alcohol dehydrogenase 5 in neuronal differentiation.
Authors: Wu Et al.
Stem Cell Res 2014;289:20193
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SIRPA, VCAM1 and CD34 identify discrete lineages during early human cardiovascular development.
Authors: Skelton Et al.
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014;13:172
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I used at 3uM to generate cartilage from iPSCs, worked really well. Keep at -80C for long term storage
I use 8uM of CHIR to differentiate hESCs to intermediate mesoderm and then to kidney organoids
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) towards mesoderm lineages. Used at concentration of 3uM. Very effective in induction of mesoderm markers.
Differentiation of human iPSCs into hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Reprogramming media comprises of 3 μM CHIR99021 and 0.5 μM A-83-01.
For directed differentiation to neural, cells are treated with GSK-3 inhibitor, CHIR99021 to induce canonical WNT signaling. This product gave me reproducible results.
10 μM for 2 h
Used this product routinely to differentiate dopaminergic neurons from human stem cells.
1.4 μM
All iPSC lines and R1 mouse ES cells were maintained on feeders in KO-DMEM (Invitrogen) with 3 mM CHIR99021, and 1 mM PD0325901.
In Tissue culture for growing basal cells
Culture mouse ES cells in 2i media and without 2i to assess differentiation. Only the cells in 2i are pluripotent while mES cells cultured in -2i for 48 hours exit naive pluripotency.
For directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to kidney organoids, cells are treated with GSK-3 inhibitor, CHIR99021 to induce canonical WNT signaling. CHIR99021 concentration and differentiation time period are the key factors for this protocol. I found this product gave me reproducible results.
Treating cells