Human 4‑1BB/TNFRSF9/CD137 Antibody

4-1BB is an inducible T cell surface protein belonging to the TNF receptor superfamily. It is alternatively known as TNFRSF9, CD137, and ILA. The 255 amino acid human 4-1BB is a type I transmembrane protein having in its extracellular domain four of the cysteine-rich motifs that are characteristic of the TNF receptor superfamily. The 30 KD glycoprotein exists both as a monomer and as a dimer on T cells. The human and mouse proteins share 60% amino acid identity. 4-1BB is absent from naive T cells, but it is upregulated and continually expressed following T cell activation. The natural ligand, 4-1BBL, is a member of the TNF superfamily and is expressed on activated antigen presenting cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Cross-linking of 4-1BB by 4-1BBL or by agonistic antibodies transmits a potent co-stimulatory signal that enhances the effect of other activating signals such as PHA or anti-CD3 antibodies. 4-1BB signals through the TFAF2‑NIK pathway resulting in activation of NF-kappa B and ultimately promoting proliferation and survival of T cells.