Human VEGF165 Antibody Summary
Ala27-Arg191
Accession # NP_001165097.1
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Applications
Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website.
Scientific Data

Detection of Human VEGF by Western Blot. Western blot shows lysates of human lung tissue, human kidney tissue, and human liver tissue. PVDF membrane was probed with 5-10 µg/mL of Goat Anti-Human VEGF165Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF-293-NA) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Goat IgG Secondary Antibody (HAF017). A specific band was detected for VEGF at approximately 27 kDa (as indicated). This experiment was conducted under reducing conditions and using Immunoblot Buffer Group 1.

VEGF in HUVEC Cells. VEGF was detected in immersion fixed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using Goat Anti-Human VEGF165Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF-293-NA) at 10 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained using the NorthernLights™ 557-conjugated Anti-Goat IgG Secondary Antibody (yellow; NL001) and counter-stained with DAPI (blue). View our protocol for Fluorescent ICC Staining of Non-adherent Cells.

VEGF in Human Liver Cancer Tissue. VEGF was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human liver cancer tissue using Goat Anti-Human VEGF 165 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF-293-NA) at 3 µg/mL for 1 hour at room temperature followed by incubation with the Anti-Goat IgG VisUCyte™ HRP Polymer Antibody (VC004). Before incubation with the primary antibody, tissue was subjected to heat-induced epitope retrieval using Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Basic (CTS013). Tissue was stained using DAB (brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Specific staining was localized to cytoplasm in cancer cells. View our protocol for IHC Staining with VisUCyte HRP Polymer Detection Reagents.

Cell Proliferation Induced by VEGF165and Neutralization by Human VEGF Antibody. Recombinant Human VEGF165 (293-VE) stimulates proliferation in HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner (orange line). Proliferation elicited by Recombinant Human VEGF165(10 ng/mL) is neutralized (green line) by increasing concentrations of Goat Anti-Human VEGF165Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF-293-NA). The ND50 is typically 0.02-0.12 µg/mL.
Reconstitution Calculator
Preparation and Storage
- 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
- 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
- 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Background: VEGF
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF or VEGF-A), also known as Vascular Permeability Factor (VPF), is a potent mediator of both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in the fetus and adult. It is a member of the PDGF family that is characterized by the presence of eight conserved cysteine residues and a cystine knot structure. VEGF165 appears to be the most abundant and potent isoform, followed by VEGF121 and VEGF189. Human VEGF165 is an approximately 44 kDa molecular weight homodimer sharing 88% aa sequence identity with corresponding regions of mouse and rat, 96% with porcine, 95% with canine, and 93% with feline, equine and bovine VEGF, respectively. VEGF binds the type I transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases VEGF R1 (also called Flt-1) and VEGF R2 (Flk-1/KDR) on endothelial cells. Although VEGF affinity is highest for binding to VEGF R1, VEGF R2 appears to be the primary mediator of VEGF angiogenic activity. VEGF165 binds the Semaphorin receptor, Neuropilin-1 and promotes complex formation with VEGF R2. VEGF is required during embryogenesis and functions to regulate the proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells. In adults, VEGF functions mainly in wound healing and the female reproductive cycle. Pathologically, it is involved in tumor angiogenesis and vascular leakage. Circulating VEGF levels correlate with disease activity in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. VEGF is induced by hypoxia and cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, Oncostatin M (OSM) and TNF-alpha.
Product Datasheets
Citations for Human VEGF165 Antibody
R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.
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Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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Retinal Pigment Epithelium-Secreted VEGF-A Induces Alpha-2-Macroglobulin Expression in Endothelial Cells
Authors: GL Lehmann, M Ginsberg, DJ Nolan, C Rodríguez, J Martínez-G, S Zeng, AP Voigt, RF Mullins, S Rafii, E Rodriguez-, I Benedicto
Cells, 2022;11(19):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
Macrophage NFATC2 mediates angiogenic signaling during mycobacterial infection
Authors: WJ Brewer, AM Xet-Mull, A Yu, MI Sweeney, EM Walton, DM Tobin
Cell Reports, 2022;41(11):111817.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: ICC -
Preferential stimulation of melanocytes by M2 macrophages to produce melanin through vascular endothelial growth factor
Authors: H Han, Y Kim, H Mo, SH Choi, K Lee, YA Rim, JH Ju
Scientific Reports, 2022;12(1):6416.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Extracellular vesicle-encapsulated microRNA-424 exerts inhibitory function in ovarian cancer by targeting MYB
Authors: P Li, H Xin, L Lu
Journal of Translational Medicine, 2021;19(1):4.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Hyperoxia sensitizes hypoxic HeLa cells to ionizing radiation by downregulating HIF?1&alpha and VEGF expression
Authors: D Dong, Y Fu, F Chen, J Zhang, H Jia, J Li, H Wang, J Wen
Mol Med Rep, 2021;23(1):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Role of IL-36 Cytokines in the Regulation of Angiogenesis Potential of Trophoblast Cells
Authors: JM Murrieta-C, RN Gutiérrez-, HM El-Shorafa, T Groten, S Rodríguez-, ME Cancino-Di, JC Cancino-Di, RR Favaro, UR Markert, DM Morales-Pr
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020;22(1):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Inhibition of Sema4D/PlexinB1 signaling alleviates vascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy
Authors: JH Wu, YN Li, AQ Chen, CD Hong, CL Zhang, HL Wang, YF Zhou, PC Li, Y Wang, L Mao, YP Xia, QW He, HJ Jin, ZY Yue, B Hu
EMBO Mol Med, 2020;12(2):e10154.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Tissue
Applications: Neutralization -
Paracrine Signaling from Breast Cancer Cells Causes Activation of ID4 Expression in Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Authors: S Donzelli, A Sacconi, C Turco, E Gallo, E Milano, I Iosue, G Blandino, F Fazi, G Fontemaggi
Cells, 2020;9(2):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Culture Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Melanoma Development
Authors: ML Carbone, PM Lacal, S Messinese, L De Giglio, C Pozzilli, S Persechino, C Mazzanti, CM Failla, G Pagnanelli
Int J Mol Sci, 2020;21(8):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: ELISA -
Calcium dobesilate reduces VEGF signaling by interfering with heparan sulfate binding site and protects from vascular complications in diabetic mice
Authors: F Njau, N Shushakova, H Schenk, VC Wulfmeyer, R Bollin, J Menne, H Haller
PLoS ONE, 2020;15(1):e0218494.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
Rapid Production of Human VEGF-A following Intradermal Injection of Modified VEGF-A mRNA Demonstrated by Cutaneous Microdialysis in the Rabbit and Pig In Vivo
Authors: S Pehrsson, M Hölttä, G Linhardt, RF Danielson, L Carlsson
Biomed Res Int, 2019;2019(0):3915851.
Species: Transgenic Rabbit
Sample Types: Microdialysates
Applications: Column -
Expression of ID4 protein in breast cancer cells induces reprogramming of tumour-associated macrophages
Authors: S Donzelli, E Milano, M Pruszko, A Sacconi, S Masciarell, I Iosue, E Melucci, E Gallo, I Terrenato, M Mottolese, M Zylicz, A Zylicz, F Fazi, G Blandino, G Fontemaggi
Breast Cancer Res., 2018;20(1):59.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Streamlined circular proximity ligation assay provides high stringency and compatibility with low-affinity antibodies
Authors: R Jalili, J Horecka, JR Swartz, RW Davis, HHJ Persson
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2018;0(0):.
Applications: Affinity Assay -
Reduced microRNA-503 expression augments lung fibroblast VEGF production in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: J Ikari, AJ Nelson, J Obaid, A Giron-Mart, K Ikari, F Makino, S Iwasawa, Y Gunji, M Farid, X Wang, H Basma, D Demeo, C Feghali-Bo, O Holz, K Rabe, X Liu, SI Rennard
PLoS ONE, 2017;12(9):e0184039.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Culture Supernates
Applications: ELISA Development (Capture) -
A randomized, single-blind, Phase I trial (INVICTAN-1) assessing the bioequivalence and safety of BI 695502, a bevacizumab biosimilar candidate, in healthy subjects
Authors: W Hettema, C Wynne, B Lang, M Altendorfe, N Czeloth, R Lohmann, S Athalye, D Schliephak
Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 2017;0(0):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Protein
Applications: ELISA Development (Detection) -
CD147 promotes the proliferation, invasiveness, migration and angiogenesis of human lung carcinoma cells
Authors: S Yang, F Qi, C Tang, H Wang, H Qin, X Li, J Li, W Wang, C Zhao, H Gao
Oncol Lett, 2017;13(2):898-904.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: ICC -
Cancer cell-secreted IGF2 instigates fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived vascular progenitor cells to promote cancer progression
Authors: WW Xu, B Li, XY Guan, SK Chung, Y Wang, YL Yip, SY Law, KT Chan, NP Lee, KW Chan, LY Xu, EM Li, SW Tsao, QY He, AL Cheung
Nat Commun, 2017;8(0):14399.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
PDGF-CC underlies resistance to VEGF-A inhibition and combinatorial targeting of both suppresses pathological angiogenesis more efficiently
Authors: L Zheng, C Zhao, Y Du, X Lin, Y Jiang, C Lee, G Tian, J Mi, X Li, Q Chen, Z Ye, L Huang, S Wang, X Ren, L Xing, W Chen, D Huang, Z Gao, S Zhang, W Lu, Z Tang, B Wang, R Ju, X Li
Oncotarget, 2016;7(47):77902-77915.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
Endothelial cell adhesion to soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 triggers a cell dynamic and angiogenic phenotype.
Authors: Orecchia A, Mettouchi A, Uva P, Simon G, Arcelli D, Avitabile S, Ragone G, Meneguzzi G, Pfenninger K, Zambruno G, Failla C
FASEB J, 2014;28(2):692-704.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
Sustained delivery of VEGF maintains innervation and promotes reperfusion in ischemic skeletal muscles via NGF/GDNF signaling.
Authors: Shvartsman, Dmitry, Storrie-White, Hannah, Lee, Kangwon, Kearney, Cathal, Brudno, Yevgeny, Ho, Nhi, Cezar, Christin, McCann, Corey, Anderson, Erin, Koullias, John, Tapia, Juan Car, Vandenburgh, Herman, Lichtman, Jeff W, Mooney, David J
Mol Ther, 2014;22(7):1243-53.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: Neutralization -
Detection of VEGF-A(xxx)b isoforms in human tissues.
Authors: Bates, David O, Mavrou, Athina, Qiu, Yan, Carter, James G, Hamdollah-Zadeh, Maryam, Barratt, Shaney, Gammons, Melissa, Millar, Ann B, Salmon, Andrew H, Oltean, Sebastia, Harper, Steven J
PLoS ONE, 2013;8(7):e68399.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Immunoprecipitation -
Platelet-derived growth factor C and calpain-3 are modulators of human melanoma cell invasiveness.
Authors: Ruffini F, Tentori L, Dorio A, Arcelli D, D'Amati G, D'Atri S, Graziani G, Lacal P
Oncol Rep, 2013;30(6):2887-96.
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Simple patterned nanofiber scaffolds and its enhanced performance in immunoassay.
Authors: Wang, Jing, Kang, Qin-shu, Lv, Xiao-gua, Song, Jia, Zhan, Na, Dong, Wei-guo, Huang, Wei-hua
PLoS ONE, 2013;8(12):e82888.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Recombinant Protein
Applications: Immunoassay Development -
Pre-analytical effects of blood sampling and handling in quantitative immunoassays for rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: Zhao X, Qureshi F, Eastman PS, Manning WC, Alexander C, Robinson WH, Hesterberg LK
J. Immunol. Methods, 2012;378(1):72-80.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Serum
Applications: ELISA Development -
Chronic exposure of colorectal cancer cells to bevacizumab promotes compensatory pathways that mediate tumour cell migration.
Authors: Fan F, Samuel S, Gaur P
Br. J. Cancer, 2011;104(8):1270-7.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Placental growth factor neutralising antibodies give limited anti-angiogenic effects in an in vitro organotypic angiogenesis model.
Authors: Brave SR, Eberlein C, Shibuya M, Wedge SR, Barry ST
Angiogenesis, 2010;13(4):337-47.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
VEGF(121)b, a new member of the VEGF(xxx)b family of VEGF-A splice isoforms, inhibits neovascularisation and tumour growth in vivo.
Authors: Rennel ES, Varey AH, Churchill AJ, Wheatley ER, Stewart L, Mather S, Bates DO, Harper SJ
Br. J. Cancer, 2009;101(7):1183-93.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
The hypoxia-inducible factor 1/NOR-1 axis regulates the survival response of endothelial cells to hypoxia.
Authors: Martorell L, Gentile M, Rius J, Rodriguez C, Crespo J, Badimon L, Martinez-Gonzalez J
Mol. Cell. Biol., 2009;29(21):5828-42.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
Effect of chemotherapeutic stress on induction of vascular endothelial growth factor family members and receptors in human colorectal cancer cells.
Authors: Fan F, Gray MJ, Dallas NA, Yang AD, Van Buren G, Camp ER, Ellis LM
Mol. Cancer Ther., 2008;7(9):3064-70.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Modulation of angiogenesis by a tetrameric tripeptide that antagonizes vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1.
Authors: Ponticelli S, Marasco D, Tarallo V, Albuquerque RJ, Mitola S, Takeda A, Stassen JM, Presta M, Ambati J, Ruvo M, De Falco S
J. Biol. Chem., 2008;283(49):34250-9.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Recombinant Protein
Applications: ELISA Development -
Comparison of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and pegaptanib in vitro: efficiency and possible additional pathways.
Authors: Klettner A, Roider J
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2008;49(10):4523-7.
Species: Porcine
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Mammary alveolar development during lactation is inhibited by the endogenous antiangiogenic growth factor isoform, VEGF165b.
Authors: Qiu Y, Bevan H, Weeraperuma S, Wratting D, Murphy D, Neal CR, Bates DO, Harper SJ
FASEB J., 2007;22(4):1104-12.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Tissue Homogenates
Applications: ELISA Development -
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A induces plaque expansion in ApoE knock-out mice by promoting de novo leukocyte recruitment.
Authors: Lucerna M, Zernecke A, de Nooijer R, de Jager SC, Bot I, van der Lans C, Kholova I, Liehn EA, van Berkel TJ, Yla-Herttuala S, Weber C, Biessen EA
Blood, 2007;109(1):122-9.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Tissue
Applications: ICC -
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) is a novel anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic mediator secreted by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dB-cAMP)-differentiated glioblastoma cells.
Authors: Moreno MJ, Ball M, Andrade MF, McDermid A, Stanimirovic DB
Glia, 2006;53(8):845-57.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein's signaling pathways and its retinal trophic and anti-angiogenic effects.
Authors: Yamagata M, Rook SL, Sassa Y, Ma RC, Geraldes P, Goddard L, Clermont A, Gao B, Salti H, Gundel R, White M, Feener EP, Aiello LP, King GL
FASEB J., 2006;20(12):2058-67.
Species: Bovine
Sample Types: Cell Culture Supernates
Applications: ELISA Development -
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 disrupts tumor vascular mural cell recruitment and survival signaling.
Authors: Lee A, Frischer J, Serur A, Huang J, Bae JO, Kornfield ZN, Eljuga L, Shawber CJ, Feirt N, Mansukhani M, Stempak D, Baruchel S, Bender JG, Kandel JJ, Yamashiro DJ
Cancer Res., 2006;66(8):4378-84.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: ICC -
The endogenous anti-angiogenic family of splice variants of VEGF, VEGFxxxb, are down-regulated in pre-eclamptic placentae at term.
Authors: Bates DO, MacMillan PP, Manjaly JG, Qiu Y, Hudson SJ, Bevan HS, Hunter AJ, Soothill PW, Read M, Donaldson LF, Harper SJ
Clin. Sci., 2006;110(5):575-85.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Tissue Homogenates
Applications: ELISA Development -
Age-associated aortic stenosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
Authors: Tanaka K, Sata M, Fukuda D, Suematsu Y, Motomura N, Takamoto S, Hirata Y, Nagai R
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005;46(1):134-41.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Tissue
Applications: IHC -
Human peripheral blood eosinophils induce angiogenesis.
Authors: Puxeddu I, Alian A, Piliponsky AM, Ribatti D, Panet A, Levi-Schaffer F
Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2005;37(3):628-36.
Species: Chicken
Sample Types: Whole Tissue
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The proline-rich homeodomain (PRH/HEX) protein is down-regulated in liver during infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
Authors: Djavani M, Topisirovic I, Zapata JC, Sadowska M, Yang Y, Rodas J, Lukashevich IS, Bogue CW, Pauza CD, Borden KL, Salvato MS
J. Virol., 2005;79(4):2461-73.
Species: Primate - Macaca mulatta (Rhesus Macaque)
Sample Types: Whole Tissue
Applications: IHC-P -
Long-term reduction of medial and intimal thickening in porcine saphenous vein grafts with a polyglactin biodegradable external sheath.
Authors: Vijayan V, Shukla N, Johnson JL, Gadsdon P, Angelini GD, Smith FC, Baird R, Jeremy JY
J. Vasc. Surg., 2004;40(5):1011-9.
Species: Porcine
Sample Types: Whole Tissue
Applications: IHC-P -
Cigarette smoke induces persisting increases of vasoactive mediators in pulmonary arteries.
Authors: Wright JL, Tai H, Churg A
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2004;31(5):501-9.
Species: Guinea Pig
Sample Types: Whole Tissue
Applications: IHC-P -
Estrogen enhances angiogenesis through a pathway involving platelet-activating factor-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB activation.
Authors: Seo KH, Lee HS, Jung B, Ko HM, Choi JH, Park SJ, Choi IH, Lee HK, Im SY
Cancer Res., 2004;64(18):6482-8.
Species: Porcine
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
Alterations in angiogenic growth factors and neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in chronic cavernosal ischemia.
Authors: Wang T, Soker S, Atala A, Siroky MB, Azadzoi KM
Int. J. Impot. Res., 2004;16(5):403-11.
Species: Rabbit
Sample Types: Whole Tissue
Applications: IHC -
Malignant mesothelioma growth inhibition by agents that target the VEGF and VEGF-C autocrine loops.
Authors: Masood R, Kundra A, Zhu S, Xia G, Scalia P, Smith DL, Gill PS
Int. J. Cancer, 2003;104(5):603-10.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Proangiogenic properties of human myeloma cells: production of angiopoietin-1 and its potential relationship to myeloma-induced angiogenesis.
Authors: Giuliani N, Colla S, Lazzaretti M, Sala R, Roti G, Mancini C, Bonomini S, Lunghi P, Hojden M, Genestreti G, Svaldi M, Coser P, Fattori PP, Sammarelli G, Gazzola GC, Almici C, Caramatti C, Mangoni L, Rizzoli V
Blood, 2003;102(2):638-45.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
Imbalance in the expression of CXC chemokines correlates with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid angiogenic activity and procollagen levels in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Authors: Keane MP, Donnelly SC, Belperio JA, Goodman RB, Dy M, Burdick MD, Fishbein MC, Strieter RM
J. Immunol., 2002;169(11):6515-21.
Species: Human
Sample Types: BALF
Applications: ELISA Development -
VEGF signaling is required for the assembly but not the maintenance of embryonic blood vessels.
Authors: Argraves WS, Larue AC, Fleming PA, Drake CJ
Dev. Dyn., 2002;225(3):298-304.
Species: Avian - Quail
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: Neutralization -
VEGF in the lung: a role for novel isoforms.
Authors: Varet, Julia, Varet J, Douglas SK, Douglas, Samantha, Gilmartin, Laura, Gilmartin L, Medford, Andrew R, Bates, David O, Harper, Steven J, Millar, Ann B
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 0;298(6):L768-74.
Species: Human
Sample Types: BALF
Applications: ELISA Development -
Chemokine CCL15 Mediates Migration of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Toward Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Authors: Gao Y, Zhou Z, Lu S, Huang X, Zhang C, Jiang R, Yao A, Sun B, Wang X
Stem Cells, 0;34(4):1112-22.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization
FAQs
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Does Human VEGF165 Antibody, Catalog # AF-293-NA, recognize VEGF189?
Yes, AF-293-NA detects VEGF189
Isotype Controls
Reconstitution Buffers
Secondary Antibodies
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