Obesity

Obesity is an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue (body fat) which negatively impacts general health. A sedentary lifestyle and excessive calorie consumption are the most direct causes of obesity. However, polymorphisms in genes that influence appetite and metabolism are also believed to increase the risk of obesity. Long term obesity has been associated with the development of many diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, type-2 diabetes, liver disease, osteoarthritis, and thrombosis. R&D Systems offers a range of quality products to study the biological processes underlying obesity, including control of appetite, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, fatty acid transport, and other aspects of adipose tissue biology.

Key Obesity Research Targets | Additional GPCRs in Obesity | Other Molecules in Obesity | Related Products | Background Information | Related Information

Key Obesity Research Targets

5-HT₁ Receptors 5-HT_1A Receptor Agonists 5-HT_1A Receptor Antagonists 5-HT_1B Receptor Agonists 5-HT_1B Receptor Antagonists 5-HT_1D Receptor Agonists 5-HT_1D Receptor Antagonists 5-HT_1F Receptor Agonists Non-selective 5-HT₁ Agonists	5-HT₂ Receptors 5-HT_2A Receptor Agonists 5-HT_2A Receptor Antagonists 5-HT_2B Receptor Antagonists 5-HT_2C Receptor Agonists 5-HT_2C Receptor Antagonists	5-HT₄ Receptors 5-HT₄ Receptor Agonists 5-HT₄ Receptor Antagonists
5-HT₅ Receptors 5-HT₅ Receptor Antagonists	5-HT₆ Receptors 5-HT₆ Receptor Agonists 5-HT₆ Receptor Antagonists	5-HT₇ Receptors 5-HT₇ Receptor Agonists 5-HT₇ Receptor Antagonists
5-HT Transporters (SERT) 5-HT Transporter Inhibitors	Adiponectin and Receptors Adiponectin/Acrp30 gAdiponectin/gAcrp30 AdipoR1 AdipoR2	Adrenergic α Receptors alpha-2B Adrenergic R/ADRA2B alpha-2C Adrenergic R/ADRA2C Adrenergic α₂ Receptor Agonists Adrenergic α₂ Receptor Antagonists
Adrenergic β Receptor beta-1 Adrenergic R/ADRB1 Adrenergic β₁ Receptor Agonists Adrenergic β₁ Receptor Antagonists beta-2 Adrenergic R/ADRB2 Adrenergic β₂ Receptor Agonists beta-3 Adrenergic R/ADRB3 Adrenergic β₃ Receptor Agonists Adrenergic β₃ Receptor Antagonists	Adrenergic Transporters (NET) Adrenergic Transporter Inhibitors	AMPK (AMP-activated Protein Kinases) AMPK Activators AMPK alpha 1 AMPK alpha 2 AMPK beta 1 AMPK beta 2 AMPK gamma 1 AMPK gamma 3 AMPK Inhibitors
Apelin Receptors Apelin Receptor Agonists Apelin Receptor Antagonists APJ	Apolipoproteins Apolipoprotein E R2/ApoE R2 Apolipoprotein A-I/ApoA1 Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Apolipoprotein A-IV/ApoA4 Apolipoprotein B/ApoB Apolipoprotein B100/ApoB100 Apolipoprotein C-II/ApoC2 Apolipoprotein E/ApoE Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 Apolipoprotein H/ApoH Apolipoprotein L1/APOL1 Apolipoprotein M/ApoM Serum Amyloid A Serum Amyloid A1 Serum Amyloid A1/A2 Serum Amyloid A2 Serum Amyloid A4	BDNF and Receptor BDNF TrkB Trk Receptor Agonists Trk Receptor Antagonists Trk Receptor Inhibitors Additional Trk Receptor Peptides
Bombesin Receptors Bombesin Receptor Agonists Bombesin Receptor Antagonists GRP Neuromedin B	C1qTNF CTRP1/C1qTNF1 CTRP2/C1qTNF2 CTRP3/C1qTNF3/CORS26 CTRP4/C1qTNF4 CTRP5/C1qTNF5	Calcitonin and Related Receptors Amylin CGRP1 Calcitonin and Related Receptor Agonists Calcitonin and Related Receptor Antagonists
Cholecystokinin Receptors (CCK) CCK1 Receptor Agonists CCK1 Receptor Antagonists CCK2 Receptor Agonists CCK2 Receptor Antagonists CCK-AR	Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABPs) FABP1/L-FABP FABP2/I-FABP FABP3/H-FABP FABP4/A-FABP FABP5/E-FABP FABP6 FABP7/B-FABP FABP8/M-FABP FABP9/T-FABP	Fatty Acid Transport Proteins (FATPs) FATP1 FATP2 FATP3 FATP4 FATP5 FATP6
Free Fatty Acid Receptors FFAR1/GPR40 FFAR2/GPR43 FFAR3/GPR41 FFAR4/GPR120 Free Fatty Acid Receptor Agonists Free Fatty Acid Receptor Antagonists	FGF FGF acidic/FGF1 FGF-21	Galanin Receptors Galanin Receptor Agonists Galanin Receptor Antagonists
Ghrelin, Obestatin, and Receptors Ghrelin Ghrelin Receptor Agonists Ghrelin Receptor Antagonists Ghrelin/Obestatin GPR39 Obestatin	Glucagon and Related Receptors GIP Receptor Agonists GIP Receptor Antagonists GIPR Glucagon Receptor Agonists Glucagon Receptor Antagonists Glucagon Receptor Modulators Glucagon R/GCGR GLP-1R Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Antagonists Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Modulators Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Antagonists Glucagon-like Peptide 2 (GLP-2) Receptor Peptides Secretin	GPBA Receptors GPBA Receptor Agonists TGR5/GPBAR1
IL-6 and Receptors gp130 IL-6 IL-6/IL-6R alpha Complex IL-6R alpha	IL-11 and Receptor IL-11 IL-11 R alpha	Insulin and Insulin-like Receptors Insulin and Insulin-like Receptor Inhibitors Insulin and Insulin-like Receptor Activators IGF1R
Leptin and Receptor Leptin/OB Leptin R	Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) and Receptor LIF LIFR alpha	Lipases Lipase Inhibitors
Lipoprotein Receptors and Associated Proteins LDLR LOX-1/OLR1 LRP-1 LRP-1 Cluster II LRP-1 Cluster III LRP-1 Cluster IV LRP-1B LRP-3 LRP-4 LRP-5 LRP-6 LRP-10 LRP-11 LRPAP LSR Megalin/LRP2 MESDC2 Proprotein Convertase 9/LDLR Complex Proprotein Convertase 9/PCSK9 SorLA SR-AI/MSR SR-BI ST7/LRP12 VLDLR	Lipins (Phosphatidate Phosphatase) Lipin 1 Lipin 2 Lipin 3	Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) Receptors MCHR1 MCHR2 Melanin-concentrating Hormone Receptor Agonists Melanin-concentrating Hormone Receptor Antagonists
Melanocortin (MC) Receptors Melanocortin Receptor Agonists Melanocortin Receptor Antagonists	Melatonin (MT) Receptors Melatonin Receptor Agonists Melatonin Receptor Antagonists Melatonin R1A/MT1/MTNR1A Melatonin R1B/MT2/MTNR1B	Neuropeptide FF/AF Receptors GPR74/NPFFR2 Neuropeptide FF R1/NPFFR1 Neuropeptide FF/AF Receptor Agonists Neuropeptide FF/AF Receptor Antagonists
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Receptors Neuropeptide Y/NPY NPY Receptor Agonists NPY Receptor Antagonists NPY1R NPY2R NPY4R NPY5R Peptide YY	Neurotensin Receptors Neurotensin Receptor Agonists Neurotensin Receptor Antagonists NTS1/NTSR1 NTS2/NTSR2	NUAKs NUAK Inhibitors ARK5/NUAK1 NUAK2
Oncostatin M and Receptor Oncostatin M/OSM OSMR beta	Opioid Receptors κ Opioid Receptor Agonists κ Opioid Receptor Antagonists μ Opioid Receptor Agonists μ Opioid Receptor Antagonists OPRK1 OPRM1	Orexin Receptors Orexin A/Hypocretin-1 Orexin B/Hypocretin-2 Orexin R1/HCRTR1 Orexin R2/HCRTR2 Orexin 1 Receptor Agonists Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonists Orexin 2 Receptor Agonists Orexin 2 Receptor Antagonists
Purinergic (P2Y) Receptors P2Y1/P2RY1 P2Y14/GPR105 P2Y Receptor Agonists P2Y Receptor Antagonists	Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) PPAR alpha/NR1C1 PPARα Agonists PPARα Antagonists PPAR gamma/NR1C3 PPARγ Agonists PPARγ Antagonists PPAR delta/NR1C2 PPARδ Agonists PPARδ Antagonists	SREBP SREBP Inhibitors SREBP1 SREBP2
Stearoyl-CoA 9-Desaturase Stearoyl-CoA 9-Desaturase Inhibitors SCD-1 SCD-5	Tachykinin Receptors Neurokinin 1 (NK₁) Receptor Agonists Neurokinin 1 (NK₁) Receptor Antagonists NK1R Neurokinin 2 (NK₂) Receptor Agonists NK2R Neurokinin 3 (NK₃) Receptor Agonists Neurokinin 3 (NK₃) Receptor Antagonists NK3R/TACR3 Tachykinin Agonists

Additional G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

Other Molecules in Obesity

Related Products

Obesity Assay Kits
- Adipokine Array Kit
- Obesity Assay Kits
Fluorescent Receptor Probes

Background Information

Causes of Obesity

The most common cause of obesity is a combination of low energy expenditure and high caloric intake. Environmental factors play a role in some cases and numerous susceptibility genes have been identified, including agouti-related peptide (AgRP) 199G - A polymorphism, FTO, NPC1, leptin, leptin receptors (Ob-R), and prohormone convertase-1. Certain psychiatric illnesses are associated with obesity, as are some genetic syndromes including Prader-Wili syndrome and MOMO syndrome. In addition, obesity can be secondary to other conditions such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome and growth hormone deficiency.

Many endogenous peptides effect appetite and hence have an influence on energy intake. Peripheral hormones effecting appetite include ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, insulin, peptide YY (3-36), pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, amylin, cholecystokinin and bombesin. Other peptides act centrally to control appetite and these include neuropeptide Y, AgRP, melanocortin, orexin, galanin, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript (CART) and neurotensin (NT).

Therapeutics

Treatment for obesity is focused on decreasing caloric intake and increasing energy expenditure. However, pharmacological interventions are available and include orlistat, which inhibits pancreatic lipase to prevent uptake of fat from the diet, but has only a modest effect on weight. More recently launched, the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide and the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide have shown proved more efficacious for managing weight loss.

The prevalence and economic burden resulting from obesity, means that novel pharmacological treatments are needed. Many are focusing on inhibiting the effects of orexigenic peptides and agonizing the effects of anorexigenic peptides to reduce appetite and subsequently reduce food intake. Current interest is focused on ghrelin receptor antagonists, peptide YY (3-36), amylin analogs and orexin 1 receptor (OX₁) antagonists.

Cannabinoid R1/CB1/CNR1	CCR2	CHRM3	G2A/GPR132	GPER/GPR30
GPR21	GPR27	GPR35	GPR39	GPR55
GPR82	GPR83	GPR84	GPR103	GPR119
GPR142	GPR 171	GPRC5B	HM74A/PUMA-G/GPR109A	KiSS1R/GPR54
Leukotriene B4 R1	Leukotriene B4 R2	OGR1	PAC1R	PTGER3
SUCNR1/GPR91	VIPR2

alpha 2u-Globulin	ABCB5	Adropin	AgRP/ART	ASAM
ASIP	Attractin	Carboxypeptidase E/CPE	Cardiotrophin-1/CT-1	CART
CIDEA	CIDEC	Corticosterone	Cortisol	DGAT1
DGAT2	DLK2/EGFL9	Endocan/ESM-1	ENPP-1	FPRP/PTGFRN
FTO	GHSR	Haptoglobin	Irisin/FNDC5	JIP1
Lipocalin-10	Lipocalin-13	Mitofusin 2	NAMPT Inhibitors	Pancreatic Polypeptide/PP
PBEF/Visfatin	PCK1	Pentraxin 2/SAP	Perilipin	Pref-1/DLK1/FA1
Prohibitin	Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase/PDP1	RELM Family	RBP4/Retinol-Binding Protein 4	Resistin
Serpin A12	SOAT1	STRA6	Syndecan-3	TLR4
TMEM18	TNF-alpha	TNF RI/TNFRSF1A	TNF RII/TNFRSF1B	UCP1
Urocortin